The Role Of Host Sea Anemones In The Cleaning Mutualism Between Anemoneshrimp And Client Fishes

Marine ornamental shrimp are amongst the most heavily traded invertebrate species in the aquarium industry. The majority of traded species are still collected from the wild, having a major effect on ocean ecosystems. An increase in the amount of culture of these species is now a major priority for those in the trade and for marine conservationists. Marine Ornamental Shrimp provides a global overview of the biology, culture and conservation of the major families of marine ornamental shrimp. Coverage in this thorough volume includes ecological aspects, reproductive biology, major techniques used in culture systems for maturation, larviculture, and juvenile growth, and details of the main conservation issues surrounding these important species including a discussion of the negative aspects of wild specimen collection and the ongoing efforts to mitigate such impacts. Marine Ornamental Shrimp is an important and extremely timely publication which will be an essential reference and manual for all those involved in the trade and culture of marine ornamental species, including aquaculture scientists and personnel in aquaria. Conservation biologists and invertebrate zoologists will also find much of importance within this book. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where aquaculture and biological sciences are studied and taught should have copies of this book on their shelves.

Hong Kong's position on the southern coast of China provides her with a great diversity of animals living in association with each other in the surrounding seas. The many examples of association used in the book reflect this diversity and explore some of the many ways marine life lives together.

Among the fishes, a remarkably wide range of biological adaptations to diverse habitats has evolved. As well as living in the conventional habitats of lakes, ponds, rivers, rock pools and the open sea, fish have solved the problems of life in deserts, in the deep sea, in the cold antarctic, and in warm waters of high alkalinity or of low oxygen. Along with these adaptations, we find the most impressive specializations of morphology, physiology and behaviour. For example we can marvel at the high-speed swimming of the marlins, sailfish and warm-blooded tunas, air-breathing in catfish and lungfish, parental care in the mouth-brooding cichlids and viviparity in many sharks and toothcarps. Moreover, fish are of considerable importance to the survival of the human species in the form of nutritious and delicious food of numerous kinds. Rational expoitation and management of our global stocks of fishes must rely upon a detailed and precise insight of their biology. The Chapman and Hall Fish and Fisheries Series aims to present timely volumes reviewing important aspects of fish biology. Most volumes will be of interest to research workers in biology, zoology, ecology and physiology but an additional aim is for the books to be accessible to a wide spectrum of non specialist readers ranging from undergraduates and postgraduates to those with an interest in industrial and commercial aspects of fish and fisheries.

Symbiosis in Fishes provides comprehensive coverage of the biology of partnerships between fishes and invertebrates, ascending the phylogenetic scale, from luminescent bacteria, sponges and coelenterates to molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms. Both facultative and obligatory partnerships are reviewed with emphasis on the behavioral, ecological and evolutionary aspects of fish symbiosis. Each of the eight chapters of this book focuses on a different group of partners. The structure, physiology and anti-predatory strategies of each group are described to provide the necessary background for the understanding of their partnerships with fishes. The formation of the associations, the degree of partner specificity and its regulation, as well as the benefits and costs for the fishes and their associates, communication between partners and their possible co-evolution are discussed in each chapter. This is the first attempt to critically review in a single volume all associations of fishes with invertebrates based on the latest studies in these areas, together with studies published many years ago and little cited since then. Symbiosis in Fishes provides a huge wealth of information that will be of great use and interest to many life scientists including fish biologists, ecologists, ethologists, aquatic scientists, physiologists and evolutionary biologists. It is hoped that the contents of the book will stimulate many to further research, to fill in the gaps in our knowledge in this fascinating and important subject. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological sciences are studied and taught should have copies of this exciting book.

These are the amazing fish that live a charmed existence among the stinging tentacles of the sea anemones. This very readable field guide investigates the symbiotic relationship of these tropical animals and includes comprehensive information on the biology of the many different species that add breathtaking color to the tropical reefs of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Beautifully illustrated for quick and accurate identification for everyone from the teenage aquarist to research scientists.

Anemonefishes and host sea anemones have one of the most well-known and iconic symbiotic relationships. The association between anemonefishes and host sea anemones has existed for at least 12 million years, however, this symbiotic relationship is quite rare, with the 28 different species of anemonefish living symbiotically with only ten out of over 1700 species of sea anemones. Furthermore, it is clear that both host sea anemones and anemonefishes glean significant fitness advantages from their symbiosis, including improved lifespan and potential reproductive success for anemonefishes, and increased nutrients and protection from predators for host sea anemones, however, the mechanism that enables this relationship. i.e., anemonefishes resistance to their toxic host sea anemone, remains unclear. Current research has focused solely on anemonefishes and the potential for their unique mucus layer to provide a form of protection against the toxins in their host sea anemone venom, with very little consideration for the role the host sea anemone itself may play in the establishment of this symbiosis. -- This thesis addresses this significant knowledge gap in our understanding of anemonefishes and host sea anemone symbiosis by exploring the relationship through the lens of the host sea anemone, via five research chapters. Through this body of research, I show that host sea anemones provide additional benefits to their anemonefish symbionts. Chapter 2 examined a previous hypothesis that the symbiotic relationship with toxic host sea anemones reduces the susceptibility of anemonefishes to ectoparasites. I found A. ocellaris living in symbiosis with a host sea anemone in the wild in Malaysia have a reduced ectoparasite load, and in an observational study in Malaysia and the Maldives there was no evidence that anemonefishes visited cleaning stations to remove ectoparasites, which provides further evidence that the sea anemone toxins may aid in protecting anemonefishes from ectoparasites. In Chapter 3 I quantified the nematocyte response of the host Entacmaea quadricolor to A. percula mucus. Acclimated and familiar A. percula trigger significantly fewer nematocytes than unacclimated A. percula, however, there are still some nematocytes fired at A. percula mucus while in association with the sea anemone. In chapter 4, I analysed the lipid and glycan profile of A. percula mucus to reveal that no significant change in lipids composition occurred in mucus collected before, during and after association with an E. quadricolor host, during an eight-week experiment. For the first time this work demonstrates a change of glycan profile in A. percula mucus, however this change only occurred after three weeks of association with E. quadricolor, and within 24 hrs of removal from the E. quadricolor anemone the anemonefish mucus layer had largely reverted back to its original glycan profile. Such a delay in the acclimation of the anemonefish mucus layer is unexpected and further study is needed to uncover the initial mechanism used by anemonefishes that enables them to enter the venomous tentacles of host sea anemones while their mucus layer adapts at the glycan level. In chapter 5, I used a proteotranscriptomics approach to reveal a comprehensive profile of the tentacle transcriptome which results in 2,736 proteins being present in venom from the most popular host anemone E. quadricolor. This work revealed that while E. quadricolor tentacles express RNA transcripts for numerous and diverse toxins only 10% of these are encoded as proteins present in the venom and that the venom mostly consists of mostly non-toxin proteins. In the final chapter, chapter 6, I used differential expression analysis to examine the role E. quadricolor itself plays a role in the establishment of their symbiotic relationship with A. percula, by analysing transcript and protein data from samples collected from E. quadricolor before and after hosting with an anemonefish pair. Specifically, I found that neurotoxin tentacle transcripts and venom proteins responsible for membrane damage, pore formation, and paralysis were downregulated during hosting with anemonefish. I also found that both natural venom inhibitor tentacle transcripts and proteins rich in IG-like domains were upregulated in the presence of anemonefish. -- Overall, this thesis demonstrates that host sea anemones play a much bigger role in the establishment and maintenance of their symbiosis with anemonefishes than previously thought, and by applying novel techniques to century-old questions, this thesis has redefined the research path to uncovering the mechanisms enabling the symbiotic relationship between host sea anemones and anemonefishes. Future research should consider the role of host sea anemone venom inhibitors as a resistance mechanism in symbiotic anemonefishes.

In Remarkable Shrimps, Raymond T. Bauer explores the evolution, natural history, biological diversity, and commercial importance of caridean shrimps--a fascinating and colorful group of aquatic organisms that inhabit freshwater and marine environments from the tropics to the poles. The biological diversity of carideans encompasses a remarkable array of adaptations in body form and function, coloration, breeding biology, and mating behavior. Carideans’ important grooming and antifouling adaptations are examined in detail, and Bauer discusses the structural basis of their coloration, the role of color change in concealment, and other forms of camouflage. Reproductive biology and sexual systems, including hermaphroditism and sex change, are reviewed, and Bauer provides evidence for sex pheromones in the attraction of males to females. Seasonal, latitudinal, and depth variation in life history patterns are also analyzed. The symbiotic relationships of shrimps with invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and sea urchins and also with fishes are fascinating phenomena of marine ecosystems. Different views on the ancestry and evolutionary history of carideans are evaluated as a stimulus for further work. The status of caridean fisheries and aquaculture is appraised, and shrimp productivity is explained in terms of life history adaptations. Profiling each of the nearly thirty families of caridean shrimps, Bauer writes in an informal style that is nevertheless rich with precise and useful references. Over one hundred figures and 11 plates with 70 color and half-tone photographs accompany the text. Extensive fieldwork is showcased in life history studies on shrimps, employing both behavioral observations using time-lapse video and experimental work to test hypotheses on mating strategies.

The oceans cover 70% of the Earth’s surface, and are critical components of Earth’s climate system. This new edition of Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Six Volume Set summarizes the breadth of knowledge about them, providing revised, up to date entries as well coverage of new topics in the field. New and expanded sections include microbial ecology, high latitude systems and the cryosphere, climate and climate change, hydrothermal and cold seep systems. The structure of the work provides a modern presentation of the field, reflecting the input and different perspective of chemical, physical and biological oceanography, the specialized area of expertise of each of the three Editors-in-Chief. In this framework maximum attention has been devoted to making this an organic and unified reference. Represents a one-stop. organic information resource on the breadth of ocean science research Reflects the input and different perspective of chemical, physical and biological oceanography, the specialized area of expertise of each of the three Editors-in-Chief New and expanded sections include microbial ecology, high latitude systems and climate change Provides scientifically reliable information at a foundational level, making this work a resource for students as well as active researches

(Symbiobiotic) Great Partnership: Clownfish and Sea Anemones Clownfish and sea anemones are a very famous partnership in the ocean. Clownfish take refuge in the anemone's tentacles, and they are immune to the anemone's venom. Instead, the clownfish's slime protects the anemone from herbivores and other potential hazards. This mutually beneficial relationship helps both parties survive and reproduce. The clownfish are safe under the protection of the anemone and can find food in the anemone's tentacles, while the anemone provides nutrients and protection from the clownfish. In addition to a mutually beneficial relationship, this partnership showcases the ecological diversity of nature. Through this cooperative approach, clownfish and sea anemones together form a micro-ecosystem that provides important ecological services to other organisms. What's amazing about this partnership is that the clownfish and sea anemone are so bonded, they're so interdependent on each other. If one of the creatures is threatened or suffers damage, the other will also be affected. This partnership shows us the interaction and interdependence between organisms, which has important implications for our protection and maintenance of the natural environment.