Superplastic Forming Diffusion Bonding Technology Of Titanium Alloys

This book provides a comprehensive illustration to the superplastic forming/diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) technology developed over decades of research on titanium alloys, process modeling, and its application. SPF/DB technology plays key roles in building aviation components with complicated structures, with highly beneficial effects when well designed. With the ever-increasing demand on components with multiple layers, there is an urgent need for an updated assessment of traditional and modern SPF/DB processing methods. Success critically depends on making the most practical and effective choice of SPF/DB method for a given application. The book introduces titanium and titanium alloys, SPF/DB processing and its modeling, and applications for building typical single or multiple layer(s) structures. Particular attention is paid to illustrating the microstructure evolution during SPF/DB processes. The information for making technical decisions about optimal choice of measurement and evaluation methods is also given in the book. Each chapter follows a focused and pragmatic format. Fully illustrated throughout, the book presents the state of the art in SPF/DB technology in a manner that makes it useful for engineers to improve the established forming processes and quality of components. This book is an essential reading material for industrial practitioners, academic researchers and postgraduates.

Titanium alloys have turned strategically important in aerospace applications due to their high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and good strength sustainability at high temperatures. The joining of lightweight materials such as titanium alloys in aerospace industries offer two main benefits of near net shape manufacturing and of reduction in buy to fly ratio. Among the various joining methods, Diffusion Bonding and Friction Stir Welding (FSW) can be combined with superplastic forming, therefore, have been widely accepted technique to join titanium alloys to produce complex sheet structures with reduced weight and fabrication costs compared to mechanically fastened structures. Both the processes are mainly optimized for titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, to produce defect free sheets of it. The other titanium alloys such as Ti-6242 and Ti-54MFG offer advantages of high temperature sustainability and better machinability over Ti-6Al-4V. The joining of titanium alloys with different properties can improve the utilization of titanium alloys and increase the functional properties of joints. However, a very limited research has been conducted on joining techniques with dissimilar titanium alloys. Therefore, the current study examines the processes with dissimilar titanium alloys to broaden the application of the process with titanium alloys. The capability of diffusion bonding process for similar and dissimilar titanium alloys was studied with five titanium alloys, Ti-64SG, Ti-64FG, Ti-6242SG, Ti-54M, and Beta-21S, by maintaining two governing parameters pressure and time constant while the temperature was varied during the formation of joints. The friction stir welding of similar and dissimilar titanium joints was also studied with five titanium alloys, Ti-64SG,Ti-64FG,Ti-6242SG,Ti-6242FG, and Ti-54MFG, by varying two parameters namely, spindle speed and the feed rate, that control the quality of the process. The bond integrity of both the processes was evaluated with metallographic examination and mechanical testing. The surface and subsurface characteristics were examined to evaluate the surface characteristics and bonding strength. The mechanical strength of diffusion-bonded joints was investigated by conducting flexure testing whereas of the friction stir welded joints were examined by performing tensile tests. The probabilistic theoretical model of estimation of bonding time of dissimilar alloys was developed by computing the surface topography at the joint interface. A combined approach of numerical and experimental methodology was used to investigate the mechanical response of different titanium joints. The numerical model was developed to simulate flexural behavior of dissimilar diffusion bonded titanium joints from the material curves of its parent alloys. Similarly tensile behavior of friction stir welded similar titanium alloys for different process conditions was developed to identify the locations of maximum stress and strain in the joints. The numerical results were compared to experimentally determined behavior characteristics of the joints to gage the validity of the modeling approach. It was found that there was good agreement in the numerical and experimental results of the tensile behavior in titanium FSW joints. The diffusion bonding temperatures lower than the ß transus temperature of titanium alloys were identified to obtain sound bonds in similar and dissimilar titanium alloys. The quality of bonding was improved as the bonding temperature was increased. In case of friction stir welding, the optimum values of spindle speed and feed rate for the joints formed by similar titanium alloys were 275 RPM/100 mm min-1, whereas it was 325RPM/125 mm min-1 for the joints formed by dissimilar titanium alloys.

Papers from a November 2001 and an October 2002 symposium examine academic and commercial aspects of recent research in the field. They address a range of metals and alloys as well as novel materials such as composites, sandwiches, and foamed metals. They also deal with innovative topics such as hig

Ultra fine-grained metals can show exceptional ductility, known as superplasticity, during sheet forming. The higher ductility of superplastic metals makes it possible to form large and complex components in a single operation without joints or rivets. The result is less waste, lower weight and manufacturing costs, high precision and lack of residual stress associated with welding which makes components ideal for aerospace, automotive and other applications. Superplastic forming of advanced metallic materials summarises key recent research on this important process. Part one reviews types of superplastic metals, standards for superplastic forming, processes and equipment. Part two discusses ways of modelling superplastic forming processes whilst the final part of the book considers applications, including superplastic forming of titanium, aluminium and magnesium alloys. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Superplastic forming of advanced metallic materials is a valuable reference for metallurgists and engineers in such sectors as aerospace and automotive engineering. Note: The Publishers wish to point out an error in the authorship of Chapter 3 which was originally listed as: G. Bernhart, Clément Ader Institute, France. The correct authorship is: G Bernhart, P. Lours, T. Cutard, V. Velay, Ecole des Mines Albi, France and F. Nazaret, Aurock, France. The Publishers apologise to the authors for this error. Reviews types of superplastic metals and standards for superplastic forming Discusses the modelling of superplastic forming, including mathematical and finite element modelling Examines various applications, including superplastic forming of titanium, aluminiun and magnesium alloys

Superplasticity is the ability of polycrystalline materials under certain conditions to exhibit extreme tensile elongation in a nearly homogeneous/isotropic manner. Historically, this phenomenon was discovered and systematically studied by metallurgists and physicists. They, along with practising engineers, used materials in the superplastic state for materials forming applications. Metallurgists concluded that they had the necessary information on superplasticity and so theoretical studies focussed mostly on understanding the physical and metallurgi cal properties of superplastic materials. Practical applications, in contrast, were led by empirical approaches, rules of thumb and creative design. It has become clear that mathematical models of superplastic deformation as well as analyses for metal working processes that exploit the superplastic state are not adequate. A systematic approach based on the methods of mechanics of solids is likely to prove useful in improving the situation. The present book aims at the following. 1. Outline briefly the techniques of mechanics of solids, particularly as it applies to strain rate sensitive materials. 2. Assess the present level of investigations on the mechanical behaviour of superplastics. 3. Formulate the main issues and challenges in mechanics ofsuperplasticity. 4. Analyse the mathematical models/constitutive equations for superplastic flow from the viewpoint of mechanics. 5. Review the models of superplastic metal working processes. 6. Indicate with examples new results that may be obtained using the methods of mechanics of solids.

This handbook is an excellent reference for materials scientists and engineers needing to gain more knowledge about these engineering materials. Following introductory chapters on the fundamental materials properties of titanium, readers will find comprehensive descriptions of the development, processing and properties of modern titanium alloys. There then follows detailed discussion of the applications of titanium and its alloys in aerospace, medicine, energy and automotive technology.