Protein And Energy Requirements In Infancy And Childhood Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series Pediatric Program

In this volume, world-renowned specialists review the latest scientific information and recommendations for protein and energy requirements of infants and children. New data obtained with the latest techniques show significantly lower requirements for both energy and protein than previously thought. This will have far-reaching implications for nutrition and health, not only during infancy and childhood, but also for long-term health outcomes, such as obesity and related disorders. Indeed for the latest generation of some infant formulas, many of the new nutrition concepts presented in this volume (especially those concerning protein level and quality) have already been translated into clinically tested products that are coming ever closer to the "gold standard" human milk, not only in terms of composition, but also of outcome. The important public health implications of the information reviewed in this volume provide essential reading for pediatricians, clinical investigators and health workers engaged in the prevention of nutrition-related disorders.

In this volume, world-renowned specialists review the latest scientific information and recommendations for protein and energy requirements of infants and children. New data obtained with the latest techniques show significantly lower requirements for both energy and protein than previously thought. This will have far-reaching implications for nutrition and health, not only during infancy and childhood, but also for long-term health outcomes, such as obesity and related disorders. Indeed for the latest generation of some infant formulas, many of the new nutrition concepts presented in this volume (especially those concerning protein level and quality) have already been translated into clinically tested products that are coming ever closer to the "gold standard" human milk, not only in terms of composition, but also of outcome. The important public health implications of the information reviewed in this volume provide essential reading for pediatricians, clinical investigators and health workers engaged in the prevention of nutrition-related disorders

Adequate nutrition is especially important during infancy and childhood, where even short periods of malnutrition have long-lasting effects on growth, development and health in adult life. There are several high-risk scenarios for the development of malnutrition, which are the focus of the current publication: Atopic diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and preterm delivery. For the pediatric allergist it is important to understand the mechanisms regulating IgE responses to food proteins since they may also be the earliest markers for the atopic march. As breastfeeding seems to have only limited effects regarding the atopic march, other measures to modulate infantile immune responses have to be taken, including the use of hypoallergenic formulae or the addition of probiotics or prebiotics to infant formulae. The second part of this book highlights the functional properties of nutrition with regard to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the ensuing chronic alterations of gastrointestinal function. Topics addressed include the molecular basis of some diseases, main causes of and nutritional measures in chronic enteropathy, including the role of parenteral and enteral nutrition, stressed mucosa and the role of nutrition in cholestatic liver disease. Nowadays, smaller and more immature infants are surviving - but the smaller the infant, the greater the accrued deficit as nutritional needs change with advancing maturity, and one formulation may not meet all requirements. Furthermore, there are no sensitive, accurate and precise measures of nutritional outcome. The net effect of these uncertainties is that all very-low-birth-weight infants are growth retarded at hospital discharge. Strategies for improving growth in these high-risk infants are at the center of the last part of this publication.

Research shows that humans respond differently to diets and, moreover, that they display varying predispositions to many diet-dependent metabolic and degenerative diseases. The focus of nutritional science is thus shifting from dietary guidelines for populations to individualized foods and diets. It is the aim of nutrigenomics to assign this human diversity in nutritional response to diet - as well as the subsequent consequences to human health - to specific genetic elements. At the same time, evidence suggests that diet itself is a critical determinant of human diversity. Supplying answers to some crucial issues, as well as identifying directions for further research and practical applications by the food industry, this publication is an important source of information for all those involved in the subject of diet and individual responses.

Adequate nutrition is especially important during infancy and childhood, where even short periods of malnutrition have long-lasting effects on growth, development and health in adult life. There are several high-risk scenarios for the development of malnutrition, which are the focus of the current publication: Atopic diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and preterm delivery. For the pediatric allergist it is important to understand the mechanisms regulating IgE responses to food proteins since they may also be the earliest markers for the atopic march. As breastfeeding seems to have only limited effects regarding the atopic march, other measures to modulate infantile immune responses have to be taken, including the use of hypoallergenic formulae or the addition of probiotics or prebiotics to infant formulae. The second part of this book highlights the functional properties of nutrition with regard to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the ensuing chronic alterations of gastrointestinal function. Topics addressed include the molecular basis of some diseases, main causes of and nutritional measures in chronic enteropathy, including the role of parenteral and enteral nutrition, stressed mucosa and the role of nutrition in cholestatic liver disease. Nowadays, smaller and more immature infants are surviving - but the smaller the infant, the greater the accrued deficit as nutritional needs change with advancing maturity, and one formulation may not meet all requirements. Furthermore, there are no sensitive, accurate and precise measures of nutritional outcome. The net effect of these uncertainties is that all very-low-birth-weight infants are growth retarded at hospital discharge. Strategies for improving growth in these high-risk infants are at the center of the last part of this publication

Protein plays a vital role in growth and development and is able to 'program' healthy growth by influencing gene methylation for positive long-term health outcomes. The understanding of these mechanisms is critical to support and improve the health of future generations in both the short and long term.The first part of this book reviews the role of hydrolyzed proteins in infant feeding and the evidence-based benefits of their use in non-breastfed infants at risk of allergy and in infants with functional gastrointestinal disorders. The second part focuses on human milk and its potential alternatives in the feeding of healthy term infants. The final section is dedicated to preterm infants, their nutrition needs, and physiological capacities to ingest adequate amounts of protein for appropriate growth and development. Presenting the latest scientific findings on protein in early nutrition, this publication provides essential reading for pediatricians and researchers alike.

When developing a new product, many obstacles have to be overcome from the idea to the shelf: know-how from different subject areas is called for to create a product that is not only technically feasible, but also complies with regulations and meets consumer needs and preferences. This book addresses and tries to identify forces that potentially drive innovation in pediatric nutrition, an endeavor which surpasses research, clinical and academic thinking. The likelihood of translating innovative research concepts into practical applications depends on a large number of factors; Clinical studies, adherence to regulatory standards and environments of various countries, policy and politics on child health and nutrition, marketing issues, economic considerations as well as the state of food technology all determine whether and how a product can be brought to the market. Expectations and response of both consumers and health care professionals are likewise of very high importance. Due to its broad scope, this publication is of interest to everyone involved in one way or another in the development and launch of new products for pediatric nutrition.

This book focuses on a crucial moment in human life: the introduction of solid foods to the diet during late infancy and early childhood. The impact on health and development as well as the long-term effects and prevention of disease are analyzed by a panel of leading international experts. The immediate consequences of solid foods on the health of toddlers are studied with regard to allergic diseases, diarrhea and constipation. The late effects of weaning habits, such as obesity, diabetes, and the early influences on taste preferences are also dealt with in this publication. Each of the topics is introduced by a chapter on physiology, followed by further contributions on major clinical aspects. Finally the book offers educational recommendations for industry, physicians and parents, underlining the values of a diversified diet. Pediatricians, dieticians, nutritionists and researchers will find this book a reliable reference and valuable tool for their work.