Prostate Cancer Imaging

This book covers novel strategies and state of the art approaches for automated non-invasive systems for early prostate cancer diagnosis. Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy after skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer related male deaths in the USA after lung cancer. However, early detection of prostate cancer increases chances of patients’ survival. Generally, The CAD systems analyze the prostate images in three steps: (i) prostate segmentation; (ii) Prostate description or feature extraction; and (iii) classification of the prostate status. Explores all of the latest research and developments in state-of-the art imaging of the prostate from world class experts. Contains a comprehensive overview of 2D/3D Shape Modeling for MRI data. Presents a detailed examination of automated segmentation of the prostate in 3D imaging. Examines Computer-Aided-Diagnosis through automated techniques. There will be extensive references at the end of each chapter to enhance further study.

The second of two companion books which address the biology and clinical aspects of prostate cancer. This volume, Prostate Cancer: Molecular & Diagnostic Imaging and Treatment Stategies, discusses both classic and the most recent imaging approaches for detection, early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. The companion title, Cell & Molecular Biology of Prostate Cancer, covers classic and modern cell and molecular biology as well as genetics, epigenetics, mitochondrial dysfunctions and apoptosis, cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, progression to metastasis, and treatment strategies including clinical trials related to prostate cancer. Taken together, these volumes form one comprehensive and invaluable contribution to the literature.

This issue of PET Clinics focuses on Prostate Cancer Imaging and Therapy, and is edited by Drs. Cristina Nanni and Richard P. Baum. Articles will include: Clinicians Need for Imaging of Prostate Cancer; Imaging of Prostate Cancer using 11C-Choline; Imaging of Prostate Cancer using FACBC; Imaging of Prostate Cancer using Ga-Bombesin; Imaging of Prostate Cancer using 18F-Choline; Imaging of Prostate Cancer using Cu-64 Prostate-specific membrane antigen; From bench to bed: New Gastrin releasing peptide receptor-directed radioligands and their use in prostate cancer; Imaging of Prostate Cancer using Ga-68 Prostate-specific membrane antigen; Imaging of Prostate Cancer using F-18 Prostate-specific membrane antigen; Imaging of Prostate Cancer using uPAR-PET; PET/CT for radiation therapy planning of Prostate Cancer; and more!

Prostatic adenocarcinoma (CAP) is the second most common malignancy with an estimated 190,000 new cases in the USA in 2010 (Source: American Cancer Society), and is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men. If CAP is caught early, men have a high, five-year survival rate. Unfortunately there is no standardized ima- based screening protocol for early detection of CAP (unlike for breast cancers). In the USA high levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) warrant a trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy to enable histologic confirmation of presence or absence of CAP. With recent rapid developments in multi-parametric radiological imaging te- niques (spectroscopy, dynamic contrast enhanced MR imaging, PET, RF ultrasound), some of these functional and metabolic imaging modalities are allowing for definition of high resolution, multi-modal signatures for prostate cancer in vivo. Distinct com- tational and technological challenges for multi-modal data registration and classifi- tion still remain in leveraging this multi-parametric data for directing therapy and optimizing biopsy. Additionally, with the recent advent of whole slide digital sc- ners, digitized histopathology has become amenable to computerized image analysis. While it is known that outcome of prostate cancer (prognosis) is highly correlated with Gleason grade, pathologists often have difficulty in distinguishing between interme- ate Gleason grades from histopathology. Development of computerized image analysis methods for automated Gleason grading and predicting outcome on histopathology have to confront the significant computational challenges associated with working these very large digitized images.

This issue of Radiologic Clinics of North America focuses on MR Imaging of the Prostate, and is edited by Dr. Aytekin Oto. Articles will include: Prostate cancer diagnosis and management: A urologist’s perspective; MRI of prostate zonal anatomy; Technique of Multi-parametric MRI of the prostate; Multi-parametric MRI- interpretation including PIRADS v2; Prostate MRI for screening and active surveillance; Prostate MRI for staging; Prostate MRI for post-treatment evaluation and recurrence; Pitfalls in prostate MRI; MRI-targeted prostate biopsies; MRI-guided focal treatment for prostate cancer; Role of Prostate MRI in radiation oncology; Challenges and future directions of prostate MRI; and more!

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Workshop on Prostate Cancer Imaging, held in conjunction with MICCAI 2011, in Toronto, Canada, in September 2011. The 15 revised full papers presented together with 2 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 19 submissions. The papers cover the clinical areas of radiology, radiation oncology, and image guided intervention, addressing topics such as prostate segmentation, multi-modal prostate registration, and computer-aided diagnosis and classification of prostate cancer.

Image-Guided Prostate Cancer Treatments is a comprehensive reference and practical guide on the technology and application of ultrasound and MRI in the male pelvis, with special attention to the prostate. The book is organized into three main sections, the first of which is devoted to general aspects of imaging and image-guided treatments. The second section provides a systematic overview of the application of ultrasound and MRI to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the lower urinary tract. Performance of the ultrasound and MRI studies is explained, and the normal and abnormal pathological anatomy is reviewed. Correlation with the ultrasound in the same plane is provided to assist in understanding the MRI sequences. Biopsy and interventional procedures, ultrasound-MRI fusion techniques, and image-guided therapies, including focused ultrasound, photodynamic therapy, microwave and laser ablation, are all fully covered. The third section focuses on securing treatment effectiveness and the use of follow-up imaging to ensure therapeutic success and detect tumor recurrence at an early stage, which is vital given that prompt focal treatment of recurrence is very successful. Here, particular attention is paid to the role of Doppler ultrasound and DCE-MRI technologies. This book, containing a wealth of high-quality illustrations based on high-end equipment, will acquaint beginners with the basics of prostate ultrasound and MRI, while more advanced practitioners will learn new skills, means of avoiding pitfalls, and ways of effectively relating the imaging and image-guided treatments to the clinical situation. The information provided will permit a tailored approach in dealing with specific pathologic issues.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men in the Western world. Although a wide range of treatment regimens are available for this disease, there are few evidence-based guidelines for treatment selection. This volume describes the clinical value of imaging for improving not only staging and treatment selection, but also the diagnosis, treatment planning, and treatment follow-up for patients with prostate cancer. A multidisciplinary disease management approach is critical in this disease. For the radiologist, understanding the pathophysiology, critical clinical issues, and advantages and limitations of different treatments is essential for meaningful interpretation of imaging studies. Similarly, for the practising clinician, understanding the advantages and limitations of imaging modalities and the importance of optimal technique are crucial to the rational use of imaging. This volume serves as a valuable reference for radiologists, urologists, medical and radiation oncologists and all practitioners involved in the management of prostate cancer.

This text encompass an up-to-date, comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art for gland preserving therapies. Fully updated and revised, this text evaluates the scientific evidence for the evolving trend to treat intermediate risk, clinically localized prostate cancer in a focally ablative manner with novel gland-preserving, focal therapy methods. Various ablative devices such as high intensity focused ultrasound, irreversible electroporation, photodynamic therapy, cryotherapy and laser ablation, among others, is discussed in regard to their strengths and limitations as a therapeutic modality. Emphasis is placed on patient selection and outcomes utilizing both advanced imaging techniques and pathologic evaluation. Current and new approaches to image cancer foci within the prostate (multiparametric ultrasonography, multiparametric magnetic resonance image, etc) are presented along with various biopsy techniques, including robotics to map prostate cancer. Patient selection based on imaging and genomic classification, adjuvants to enhance therapy, treatment strategy, outcomes and patient centered concerns is discussed, providing an acceptable balance between cancer control and improved quality of life for patients. Written by experts in the field and lavishly illustrated with detailed line-art and photographs, Imaging and Focal Therapy of Early Prostate Cancer, Second Edition is designed as a comprehensive resource for urologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, radiologists, uropathologists, molecular biologists, biomedical engineers, other clinicians –- residents, fellows, nurses and allied professionals -- and researchers with an interest in the diagnosis and novel treatment of prostate cancer. It will provide insight into the latest research and clinical applications of image-guided diagnosis and minimally invasive focal, gland-preserving treatment for prostate cancer.

In this issue of Radiologic Clinics, guest editors Drs. Nicola Schieda and Andrei Purysko bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Prostate Imaging. Worldwide, prostate cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed in males, and MRI scans can give doctors a very clear picture of the prostate and nearby areas. In this issue, top experts discuss key topics such as a contemporary approach to prostate imaging and data reporting system score 3 lesions; the expanding role of MRI and use of PRECISE criteria in the active surveillance of prostate cancer; MRI-guided prostate cancer therapies; and more. Contains 12 relevant, practice-oriented topics, including update on optimization of prostate MRI technique and image quality; prostate imaging and data reporting system (PI-RADS) Version 2.1 pitfalls in prostate MRI interpretation; prostate cancer staging with MRI; PSMA PET: pearls and pitfalls; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on prostate imaging, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.