Methodological Proposal For Measuring And Predicting Urban Green Space Per Capita In A Land Use Cover Change Model

"The lack of sustainable urban planning and territorial ordinance plans has led to the nullification, fragmentation and reduction of green space and strategic ecosystems within cities. A clear example of this problem is the city of Bogotá (Colombia). Currently, Bogotá has around 4 m2 of green space (GS) per capita, an amount significantly below the 10 m2 recommended by the World Health Organization. This research aimed to establish how GS is distributed and relates to other land uses, transport infrastructure and other variables." -- Tomado del Formato de Documento de Grado.

This book provides a comprehensive discussion on urban growth and sprawl, and how they can be analyzed using remote sensing imageries. It compiles views of numerous researchers that help in understanding the urban growth and sprawl; their patterns, process, causes, consequences, and countermeasures; how remote sensing data and geographic information system techniques can be used in mapping, monitoring, measuring, analyzing, and simulating the urban growth and sprawl and what are the merits and demerits of available methods and models. This book will be of value for the scientists and researchers engaged in urban geographic research, especially using remote sensing imageries. This book will serve as a rigours literature review for them. Post graduate students of urban geography or urban/regional planning may refer this book as additional studies. This book may help the academicians for preparing lecture notes and delivering lectures. Industry professionals may also be benefited from the discussed methods and models along with numerous citations.

From a global point of view, as argued by Levy (1999), the modern city has undergone radical changes in its physical form, either in terms of territorial expansion as well as in terms of interna! physical transformations. Today, approximately 75% of the European population lives in urban areas ,which makes the urban fulure of the conlinent a major cause of concern (Brazil, Cavalcanti, & Longo, 2014). lndeed, the demand for urban land, both within and around the cities, is becoming increasingly acule (European Environmenl Agency, 2006). Ouring the last decades, also Spain has been undergoing an important process of urban growth, which has implied the consumption of a large amounl of land, al hough the overall population growth rale, mostly along certain specific geographic areas, has remained at least unchanged or even, in sorne cases, il has also decreased. Such a phenomenon has been quite remarkable along the Mediterranean side. As argued by Gaja (2008), the urban development in Spain has been strongly linked to the model of economic development , which relies, since its launch in the 50's, onlhree main factors , i.e.:emigration, building, and mass tourism. Nowadays , in Spain, and mostly along the Medilerranean side, several urban areas are facing important phenomena of urban sprawl, also feared by he European Union. An accurate information about the pattern of land use/land cover, over time, is a fundamental requirement for a better understanding of the urban models. Currently, even though plenty of approaches to the image classification, through Remote Sensing (RS) techniques, have been advanced, Land Cover/Land Use classification is still an exciting challenge (Weng, 2010). Actually, the increasing development of RS and GIS technologies, during the last decades, has provided further capabiliies for measuring, analysing, understanding, modelling the "physical expressions" of urban growth phenomena, either in terms of pattern and process (Bhatta, 2012), and based on land use/land cover mapping and change delection over time. Based on such a technological approach, here we first aim to set up a suitable methodology for detecting generalized land cover classes based on an assisted automatic (or semi-aulomatic) pixel-based approach, calibrated upon Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) mullispectral imagery, at 30 meters of spatial resolution. Beside, through the use of Geographical lnformation Syslem (GIS) we provide a spatial analysis and modelling of different urban models, from a morphological standpoint, in order to define the main pattern of land occupation al municipal scale, and along the Mediterranean side of Spain, al the year 2011. We focus on two main issues. On one hand, RS techniques have been used to set up a proper semi-automatic classification methodology, based on the use of Landsat imagery, capable of handling huge geographical areas quickly and efficiently. This process is basically aimed to detect the urban areas, at the year 2011, along the Mediterranean side of Spain, depending on the administrative division of Autonomous Communities. On the other hand, the spatial patterns of urban settlements have been analysed by using a GIS platform for quantifying a set of spatial metrics about the urban form. Hence, once get the quantification of different morphological features, including the analysis aboul either the urban profile, the urban texture, and the street network pattern, an automatic classification of different urban morphological models has been proposed, based on a stalistical approaches, namely factor and cluster analysis.

Accuracy assessment of maps derived from remotely sensed data has continued to grow since the first edition of this groundbreaking book. As a result, the much-anticipated new edition is significantly expanded and enhanced to reflect growth in the field. The new edition features three new chapters, including: Fuzzy accuracy assessmentPositional accu

This text aims to promote a better understanding of land use and land-cover change in the assessment and management of global environmental resources, and to develop a comparative framework for assessing these changes.

This groundbreaking work is an attempt at providing a conceptual framework to synthesize urban and ecological dynamics into a common framework. The greatest challenge for urban ecologists in the next few decades is to understand the role humans play in urban ecosystems. The development of an integrated urban ecological approach is crucial to advance ecological research and to help planners and managers solve complex urban environmental issues. This book is a major step forward.

The book aims to capture, describe and convey the current significance, the values and potentials of urban biodiversity and ecosystem services to scientists and professionals in the context of sustainable urban development and ongoing urbanization processes. Current developments, different approaches and future challenges in the competition of green spaces and urban land consumption in China and Germany are elaborated, discussed and illustrated within case studies and good practice examples. The strategic goal is a long-term appreciation of the potentials and increased consideration of urban green spaces in city planning and development. This book provides tangible recommendations for urban planners, politicians and stakeholders in the fields of green infrastructure at the interface of environment and urban landscape.

While global urban development increasingly takes on the mantle of sustainability and "green urbanism," both the ecological and equity impacts of these developments are often overlooked. One result is what has been called environmental gentrification, a process in which environmental improvements lead to increased property values and the displacement of long-term residents. The specter of environmental gentrification is now at the forefront of urban debates about how to accomplish environmental improvements without massive displacement. In this context, the editors of this volume identified a strategy called "just green enough" based on field work in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, that uncouples environmental cleanup from high-end residential and commercial development. A "just green enough" strategy focuses explicitly on social justice and environmental goals as defined by local communities, those people who have been most negatively affected by environmental disamenities, with the goal of keeping them in place to enjoy any environmental improvements. It is not about short-changing communities, but about challenging the veneer of green that accompanies many projects with questionable ecological and social justice impacts, and looking for alternative, sometimes surprising, forms of greening such as creating green spaces and ecological regeneration within protected industrial zones. Just Green Enough is a theoretically rigorous, practical, global, and accessible volume exploring, through varied case studies, the complexities of environmental improvement in an era of gentrification as global urban policy. It is ideal for use as a textbook at both undergraduate and graduate levels in urban planning, urban studies, urban geography, and sustainability programs.