Maat Revealed Philosophy Of Justice In Ancient Egypt

Categories: Egyptology, philosophy of law, history of religions Unlike ancient Rome, Egypt did not transmit any legal system to us, but rather an idea of justice our modern minds can hardly understand. In the ancient Egyptian world, almost all the texts and inscriptions speak of justice. All the texts of wisdom teach that one has to conform to Maat, an obscure and omnipresent concept that Egyptologists have translated into the expression "Goddess of Truth and Justice." Egyptian justice is so different from ours that Egyptologists and historians of religions believe they have not yet fully understood its meaning. They regret this fact because understanding Maat would be a gateway to a deeper understanding of the ancient Egyptian world. As for lawyers, they have limited themselves to the Greco-Roman sources on the philosophy of Justice and the discoveries of Egyptologists in this philosophical field remain thoroughly ignored. Thanks to her experience in ancient history of law and her ability to understand ancient symbols, the author provides Egyptology with the missing pieces that were needed to form a coherent image of Maat. Once revealed, Maat sheds a new and unexpected light on the whole of Egyptian civilization. As a bridge between traditionally separate fields of academic research, this book is a useful and groundbreaking contribution to Egyptology, the history of religions and the modern philosophy of law.

Dreams are at the heart of a process where tangible and intangible worlds are intimately intermingled. Indeed, a dream is an intangible phenomenon occurring in a physical body that stands in an environment both material and informational (intangible). A systematic investigation of the connections between dreams and reality sheds new light on the dream process and on the functioning of the mind. This book invites you, the reader, to discover the results you can achieve through a more comprehensive and unified approach to the dream process. It gives you advice on how to carry out your own research. Reading this book will help you become better aware of the role played by your body at the meeting point between dreams and reality, between the tangible and the intangible (Chapter 1). The book describes an efficient method for observing the dream process (Chapter 2) and explains the results you can achieve with it through your own experimentation (Chapter 3). Through your personal exploration of the whole dream process you will be able to verify for yourself the reality of certain faculties of the mind which are commonly considered to be "paranormal". You will see that they can be explained rationally. Chapter 4 of the book explains how you can use the dream process to find answers to your questions, whether they regard your daily life (health, work, relationships, life guidance) or your artistic or scientific creativity. The last chapter (Chapter 5) explains why faculties today considered to be paranormal are destined to a natural collective awakening. With this book, I invite you to observe your dreams and their connections with your reality, with a mind as neutral as possible. This is the best way to understand the meaning of your dreams. Try, then, to forget all you have ever heard about dreams, and just look at them and observe the whole dream process, and not only the dreams. Everything I assert in the book can be verified through personal experience by using the proposed method of observation. With this method everyone, even the most skeptical person, can verify the existence of unusual faculties of the mind, and learn to develop and use them. Key words: dreams and reality, precognitive dreams, future in dreams, premonitory dreams, dream interpretation, meaning of dreams, paranormal faculties, telepathy, dreams and health, dreams and abundance, dreams and the past, mind and body, nightmares, dreaming brain, lucid dreams

This work is a critical examination of Maat, the moral ideal in ancient Egypt. It seeks to present Maat in the language of modern moral discourse while at the same time preserving and building on its distinctiveness as a moral ideal capable of inspiring and maintaining ethical philosophic reflection. The effort here is one of both interpretation and transmission of an ethical tradition, a project in which tradition is seen not simply as a precondition and process in which one comes, but also as an ongoing product of one's efforts to understand it. Locating himself within the tradition, the author seeks to test the conceptual elasticity of its major categories and contentions and to establish its capacity for critical moral discourse.

This book is destined for vegetarians, vegans, and people who want to stay healthy by eating better foods obtained in compliance with the laws of nature. Although Paris is not yet a vegetarian haven like London or New York, vegetarianism is now booming here, as well as the use of organic foods in traditional restaurants. This is very good news ! Vegetarian Paris has now become Vegetarian and Organic Paris to include traditional French restaurants using organic products and being vegetarian-friendly. This year, I have added a "Read Me First" section in the book. Here, I have grouped information about what continues to be hard to find in Paris, including where to find wheatgrass juice, have an organic breakfast, eat without gluten, eat organic crepes, have organic Italian meals, have meals with many sprouted seeds, buy organic products with your Amex card, etc. In addition, the section includes a useful list of the restaurants that no longer exist but continue to be mentioned on many websites. In the first chapter, "Restaurants," you will find addresses, telephone numbers, business hours and closest metro stations of Parisian restaurants. Also included are brief examples of meals proposed and price, the percentage of organically grown products used in the preparation of meals, the kind of restaurant (vegetarian, vegan, macrobiotic, vegetarian-friendly) and website addresses, when available. You will also find pictures of the restaurants listed. The second chapter lists organic and non-organic juice bars and soup bars and quality vegetarian (or vegetarian-friendly) snack bars. Included are the names, addresses, business hours, phone numbers, and closest metro stations, as well as examples of meals/juices/soups proposed with their prices and organic ingredients used. The third chapter lists organic food shops with their names, addresses, business hours and phone numbers. When available, the number of seats for eating-in and websites are given. In the fourth chapter you will find listed the artesian wells still open to the public. Here you can get pure spring water for free, and chat with French people. In the fifth and sixth chapters, you will find lists of the main organic bakeries in Paris and information about organic food open markets. At the end of the book is an English-French food dictionary to help you get what you really want. I hope that Vegetarian and Organic Paris will help you enjoy even more the City of Light. Bon voyage and bon apptit!

Since it was developed during the industrial revolution to protect material innovations, patent law often cannot be applied to intangible industrial inventions, such as software. International patent law must be adapted to cover the emerging virtual world, but this has not been done. Unsuited to modern innovation, the author argues that international patent law has reached a period of decline. This book explains why we have reached this situation, and how and why the international patent system must be modernised and rebalanced.

In God, Grace, and Righteousness in Wisdom of Solomon and Paul's Letter to the Romans, Jonathan A. Linebaugh places the Wisdom of Solomon and the Letter to the Romans in conversation. Both texts discuss the relationship of Jew and Gentile, the meaning of God's grace and righteousness, and offer readings of Israel's scripture. These shared themes provide talking-points, initiating a dialogue on anthropology, soteriology, and hermeneutics. By listening in on this conversation, Linebaugh demonstrates that while these texts have much in common, the theologies they articulate are ultimately incommensurable because they think from different events - Wisdom from the pre-creational order crafted by Sophia and exemplified in the Exodus; Paul from the incongruous gift of Christ which justifies the ungodly.

No study of Black people in America can be complete without considering how openly discriminatory tax laws helped establish a racial caste system in the United States, how they were designed to exclude blacks from lucrative markets and the voting franchise, and how tax laws extracted and redistributed vast sums of black wealth. Not only was slavery nearly a 100% tax on black labor, so too was Jim Crow apartheid and tax laws specified the peculiar institution as “negro slavery.” The first instances of affirmative action in the United States were tax laws designed to attract white men to the South. The nineteenth-century Federal Tariff indirectly redistributed perhaps a majority of the profits from slavery from the South to the North and is the principle reason the Confederate states seceded. The only constitutional amendment obtained by the Civil Rights Movement is the Twenty-Sixth Amendment abolishing poll taxes in federal elections. Blending traditional legal theory, neoclassical economics, and a pan-African view of history, these six interrelated essays on race and taxes demonstrate that, even in today’s supposedly post-racial society, there is no area of human activity where racial dynamics are absent.

Diploma Thesis from the year 2018 in the subject Egyptology, University of Heidelberg (institut von Aegyptologie), language: English, abstract: Egyptian society was founded on the concept of ma‛at. Ma‛at regulated the seasons, the movement of the stars, and relations between man and the gods; it was a golden thread running through their ideas about the universe and their code of ethics; it formed the basis of their thinking and especially of the way they approached justice and law. Ma‛at related to activities of human life and the cosmos in general. After its creation by the sun god Re, ma‛at ordered the universe. Since the pharaoh was a living god, ruling by divine right, he was the supreme judge and lawgiver. As Re's representative on earth, he was responsible for the preservation of ma‛at and was the nexus between ma‛at and the law (hp). Ma‛at had a religious, ethical, and moral connection, since it was the guiding principle for all aspects of life and represented the values that all people sought. Ma'at is an idea, invented by the king, and believed by the whole world

Although we naturally sense all the dangers of our environment through our body and subconscious, we no longer know how to use these perceptions in order to ensure our own safety. Animals are still able to do this and this enables them to be warned and to flee before the outbreak of natural disasters. However, by learning to benefit from their dreams, humans can surpass animals in this field. The fruit of more than 20 years of research, this book explains a method that is accessible to everyone, that enables the links between the body, conscious and subconscious to be re-established, in order to receive more information on the dangers of our environment. Once communication has been re-established between the body and the subconscious, it turns out that human beings are far superior to animals and to all existing technologies in sensing all kinds of dangers, whether they be natural, human or technological. By using the technique that is explained in this book, you will learn how to ‘retrieve’ information available to you in dreams, that is important for the safety of you and the people close to you. Through this you will also be able to, for example: - avoid accidental death by escaping before the outbreak of a natural disaster: earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, flood, storm, tidal wave, avalanche, tornado, etc. ; - foil the plans of attackers, terrorists, thieves, rapists or burglars; - know, before going away, for example by boat or plane, if you are going to arrive safe and sound at your destination or if it would be better to cancel this trip because of an attack, shipwreck, accident or natural disaster… ; - sense many other traps and dangers and avoid them. - the most gifted among you will also be able to develop a greater sensitivity and intuition directly in a waking state, which will enable you to react even more effectively to the dangers of your environment. - you will also learn not to become anxious for no reason when you have simple nightmares, because you will have learnt to detect what triggers them in you and you will thereby know how to distinguish them from true warning dreams of natural disasters, attacks, burglaries, accidents at nuclear power stations, etc.

THE FORTY TWO PRECEPTS OF MAAT, THE PHILOSOPHY OF RIGHTEOUS ACTION AND THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN WISDOM TEXTS ADVANCED STUDIES This manual is designed for use with the 1998 Maat Philosophy Class conducted by Dr. Muata Ashby. This is a detailed study of Maat Philosophy. It contains a compilation of the 42 laws or precepts of Maat and the corresponding principles which they represent along with the teachings of the ancient Egyptian Sages relating to each. Maat philosophy was the basis of Ancient Egyptian society and government as well as the heart of Ancient Egyptian myth and spirituality. Maat is at once a goddess, a cosmic force and a living social doctrine, which promotes social harmony and thereby paves the way for spiritual evolution in all levels of society.