Encumbering Harvest Rights To Protect Marine Environments

We adapt the concept of a conservation easement to a marine environment and explore its use to achieve conservation goals. Although marine environments generally are not owned, those who use them for commercial fishing often are regulated. These regulations grant harvesters rights to use marine environments in specified ways, and the possibility of encumbering these rights to achieve conservation goals creates a potential role for marine easements. We examine this potential under alternative fishery management regimes and find, generally, that marine easements tend to be most effective when harvest rights are delineated most fully. Our analysis suggests ways that marine easements can have flexibility and transactions cost advantages over other approaches to achieve marine conservation goals. We also propose ways in which the design of laws allowing marine easements should follow, or depart from, the design of laws authorising conservation easements on land.

The volume aims at providing an outlet for some of the best papers presented at the 15th Annual Conference of the African Econometric Society, which is one of the OC chaptersOCO of the International Econometric Society. Many of these papers represent the state of the art in financial econometrics and applied econometric modeling, and some also provide useful simulations that shed light on the models'' ability to generate meaningful scenarios for forecasting and policy analysis. Contents: Financial Econometrics and International Finance: Modeling Interest Rates Using Reducible Stochastic Differential Equations: A Copula-Based Multivariate Approach (Ruijun Bu, Ludovic Giet, Kaddour Hadri and Michel Lubrano); Financial Risk Management Using Asymmetric Heavy-Tailed Distribution and Nonlinear Dependence Structures of Asset Returns Under Discontinuous Dynamics (Alaa El-Shazly); Modeling Time-Varying Dependence in the Term Structure of Interest Rates (Diaa Noureldin); Nonlinear Filtering and Market Implied Rating for a Jump-Diffusion Structural Model of Credit Risk (Alaa El-Shazly); Time-Varying Optimal Weights for International Asset Allocation in African and South Asian Markets (Dalia El-Edel); Econometric Theory and Methods: Econometric Methods for Ordered Responses: Some Recent Developments (Franco Peracchi); Which Quantile Is the Most Informative? Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Entropy and Quantile Regression (Anil K Bera, Antonio F Galvao Jr., Gabriel V Montes-Rojas, Sung Y Park); The Experimetrics of Fairness (Anna Conte and Peter Moffatt); Uniform in Bandwidth Tests of Specification for Conditional Moment Restrictions Models (Pascal Lavergne and Pierre Nguimkeu); Joint LM Test for Homoscedasticity in a Two Way Error Components Model (Eugene Kouassi, Joel Sango, J M BossonBrou and Kern O Kymn); An Approximation to the Distribution of the Pooled Estimator When the Time Series Equation Is One of a Complete System (Ghazal Amer and William Mikhail); Monetary, Labor, Environmental and Other Econometric Applications: Monetary Policy and the Role of the Exchange Rate in Egypt (Tarek Morsi and Mai El-Mossallamy); International Migration, Remittances and Household Poverty Status in Egypt (Rania Roushdy, Ragui Assaad and Ali Rashed); Determinants of Job Quality and Wages of the Working Poor: Evidence From 1998OCo2006 Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (Mona Said); A Contract-Theoretic Model of Conservation Agreements (Heidi Gjertsen, Theodore Groves, David A Miller, Eduard Niesten, Dale Squires and Joel Watson); Household Environment and Child Health in Egypt (Mahmoud Hailat and Franco Peracchi); Modeling the Relationship between Natural Resource Abundance, Economic Growth, and the Environment: A Cross-Country Study (Hala Abou-Ali and Yasmine M Abdelfattah); Global Cement Industry: Competitive and Institutional Frameworks (Tarek H Selim and Ahmed S Salem); On the Occurrence of Ponzi Schemes in Presence of Credit Restrictions Penalizing Default (Abdelkrim Seghir); Is Targeted Advertising Always Beneficial? (Nada Ben Elhadj-Ben Brahim, Rim Lahmandi-Ayed and Didier Laussel). Readership: Graduate students and researchers in the fields of econometrics, economic theory, applied econometrics.

This book critically engages with how the conservation of tropical coral reefs is financed. Beginning with the context of tropical coral reef degradation and loss, alongside an overview of tropical ecology, global environmental policy and finance, the book reviews several conservation financing instruments. These include ecotourism, debt-for-nature swaps, impact investments, and government domestic budgetary expenditures. From the Great Barrier Reef, to the Coral Triangle, to the Mesoamerican Reef, tropical coral reef degradation and loss are serious global environmental issues, contributing to loss revenue and food insecurity for coastal communities, and species extinction. Yet, many leading companies, individuals, and governments are making a positive impact on tropical coral reef conservation through the use of conservation finance. Conservation of Tropical Coral Reefs, using 30 case studies which span 23 countries and 6 continents, tells the history of international conservation finance and provides a variety of options for individuals, businesses, and governments to support conservation financing projects.

Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security - Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks reviews conceptual debates and case studies focusing on disasters and security threats, challenges, vulnerabilities and risks in Europe, the Mediterranean and other regions. It discusses social science concepts of vulnerability and risks, global, regional and national security challenges, global warming, floods, desertification and drought as environmental security challenges, water and food security challenges and vulnerabilities, vulnerability mapping of environmental security challenges and risks, contributions of remote sensing to the recognition of security risks, mainstreaming early warning of conflicts and hazards and provides conceptual and policy conclusions.

This authoritative Handbook examines the current state of and the future challenges for international law in addressing the key activities that pose threats to the marine environment. It provides a critical analysis of, and constructive solutions for, the international legal regime for the protection of the marine environment and identifies areas of vital research need for the future. The in-depth chapters, written by emerging and established experts in their fields, explore the legal framework for protection of the marine environment and look at issues such as pollution, seabed activities, and climate change as well as discussing the protection of marine biodiversity and considering regional approaches to the protection of the marine environment. Each chapter goes beyond a survey of existing law to identify the shortcomings in the legal regime and areas of critical research needed to address these shortcomings. This timely book provides significant insights into contemporary issues surrounding the efficacy of the regime created by the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and details the further work needed to ensure the design and implementation of effective regulation and management of human activities that affect the marine environment. Students and academics researching in the law of the sea and environmental law will find the Handbook central to their subject areas. The analyses and reform proposals are an invaluable resource for government and policy practitioners, as well as IGOs and NGOs involved in marine environmental issues.

Environmental rights are typically regarded as an extension of human rights into environmental matters. They encompass both substantive rights, such as the right to a healthy environment, and procedural rights, which include access to environmental information, participation in decision-making and access to justice. Environmental rights discourse has been used to deepen our understanding of how and why we protect the natural world. This discourse is mainly focused on rights arising from terrestrial activities. Similarly, leading international environmental rights jurisprudence is dominated by matters related to land use. Arguably this focus is the by-product of a nexus between people and lived space - a nexus that facilitates an awareness, realisation and protection of individual rights arising in terrestrial spaces. However, such a nexus appears to be either absent or under-developed in marine contexts. At best, generally fashioned environmental rights spill over into marine environments. Significantly, no human rights instrument explicitly refers to the oceans, but the inherent and universal nature of human rights implies they extent to ocean spaces. This is reflected in legal texts particular to marine spaces which have little if anything to say about human rights. This chapter explores this phenomenon from an international law perspective, and explains why the marine environment seems to resist or at least exist at the margins of environmental rights discourse: why there is a 'dissonance' between environmental rights and human activities at sea. By understanding why environmental rights are marginalised we can begin to take steps to bring this discourse to the fore in developing the regulation of marine spaces. Arguably, this is best done by creating space for greater local engagement in marine regulation (participatory rights), and by recognising the different connections that people have with both ocean spaces and things (substantive rights).

Promoting the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans through cooperative decision making / Rena Lee -- The conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity : Siamese twins? / Liesbeth Lijnzaad -- Toward seafood resilience : how to achieve sustainable fisheries development / Melda Kamil Ariadno -- Future opportunities and challenges in developing sustainable offshore Indonesian fisheries / Alistair McIlgorm and Brooke Campbell -- Bridging the ocean, water, and climate action goals under the 2030 agenda on sustainable development / Ronán Long and Mariamalia Rodriguez Chaves -- Realising biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in Southern hemisphere oceans beyond national jurisdiction : challenges and prospects / Robin Warner -- The BBNJ PrepCom and Institutional Arrangements: The Hype about the Hybrid Approach 137 Kristine Dalaker Kraabel 8 The Legal Framework and Relevant Issues on the Marine Protected Areas in the Areas beyond National Jurisdiction 173 Su Jin Park and Ki Hyeon Kim 9 Marine genetic resources beyond national jurisdiction and sustainable development goals : the perspective of developing countries / A. Gusman Siswandi -- Status of deep seabed minerals : introductory remarks / Alfonso Ascencio-Herrera -- Efforts to enhance deep seabed activities and Korean law on exploration for and exploitation of resources in the deep seabed area / Seokwoo Lee and Hee Cheol Yang -- The role of science for environmental impact evaluation resulting from ocean mining / Tomohiko Fukushima -- The international seabed authority's publication of revised draft exploitation regulations : on the right track but significant work remains to be done / Steven Potter -- Marine debris in Indonesia : state of understanding and ongoing efforts in reducing its impacts on marine habitat / Brahmantya Satyamurti Poerwadi and Abdul Muhari -- A perspective on marine pollution / Stephen A. Macko -- A human rights perspective on the protection of coastal ecosystems from land-based marine pollution under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea / Chie Kojima -- Ocean acidification and sustainable development goal 14 : a goal but no target? / Karen N. Scott -- Sea level rise and the law of the sea : maritime zones and maritime boundaries / J. Ashley Roach -- Climate change and the Arctic : legal regulations in changing times / Elise Johansen -- An overview of ocean acidification : relationships / Stephen A. Macko and Christina M. Fantasia.

World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation, Second Edition, Volume Two: The Indian Ocean to the Pacific provides a comprehensive review of the environmental condition of the seas from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific. Each chapter is written by experts in the field who provide historical overviews in environmental terms, current environmental status, major problems arising from human use, informed comments on major trends, problems and successes, and recommendations for the future. The book is an invaluable worldwide reference source for students and researchers who are concerned with marine environmental science, fisheries, oceanography and engineering and coastal zone development. Covers regional issues that help countries find solutions to environmental decline that may have already developed elsewhere Provides scientific reviews of regional issues, thus empowering managers and policymakers to make progress in under-resourced countries and regions Includes comprehensive maps and updated statistics in each region covered