Analogy As Structure And Process
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Author | : Esa Itkonen |
Publisher | : John Benjamins Publishing |
Total Pages | : 266 |
Release | : 2005-12-08 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 9027294011 |
Download Analogy as Structure and Process Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
The concept of analogy is of central concern to modern cognitive scientists, whereas it has been largely neglected in linguistics in the past four decades. The goal of this thought-provoking book is (1) to introduce a cognitively and linguistically viable notion of analogy; and (2) to re-establish and build on traditional linguistic analogy-based research. As a starting point, a general definition of analogy is offered that makes the distinction between analogy-as-structure and analogy-as-process. Chapter 2 deals with analogy as used in traditional linguistics. It demonstrates how phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and diachronic linguistics make use of analogy and discusses linguistic domains in which analogy does or did not work. The appendix gives a description of a computer program, which performs such instances of analogy-based syntactic analysis as have long been claimed impossible. Chapter 3 supports the ultimate (non-modular) ‘unity of the mind’ and discusses the existence of pervasive analogies between language and such cognitive domains as vision, music, and logic. The final chapter presents evidence for the view that the cosmology of every culture is based on analogy. At a more abstract level, the role of analogy in scientific change is scrutinized, resulting in a meta-analogy between myth and science.
Author | : Esa Itkonen |
Publisher | : John Benjamins Publishing |
Total Pages | : 272 |
Release | : 2005-01-01 |
Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
ISBN | : 9789027223661 |
Download Analogy as Structure and Process Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
The concept of analogy is of central concern to modern cognitive scientists, whereas it has been largely neglected in linguistics in the past four decades. The goal of this thought-provoking book is (1) to introduce a cognitively and linguistically viable notion of analogy; and (2) to re-establish and build on traditional linguistic analogy-based research. As a starting point, a general definition of analogy is offered that makes the distinction between analogy-as-structure and analogy-as-process. Chapter 2 deals with analogy as used in traditional linguistics. It demonstrates how phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and diachronic linguistics make use of analogy and discusses linguistic domains in which analogy does or did not work. The appendix gives a description of a computer program, which performs such instances of analogy-based syntactic analysis as have long been claimed impossible. Chapter 3 supports the ultimate (non-modular) 'unity of the mind' and discusses the existence of pervasive analogies between language and such cognitive domains as vision, music, and logic. The final chapter presents evidence for the view that the cosmology of every culture is based on analogy. At a more abstract level, the role of analogy in scientific change is scrutinized, resulting in a meta-analogy between myth and science.
Author | : Marianne Hundt |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 431 |
Release | : 2017-07-20 |
Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
ISBN | : 1107086868 |
Download The Changing English Language Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Experts from psycholinguistics and English historical linguistics address core factors in language change.
Author | : Aditi Lahiri |
Publisher | : Walter de Gruyter |
Total Pages | : 196 |
Release | : 2003 |
Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
ISBN | : 9783110175523 |
Download Analogy, Levelling, Markedness Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Ranging from tonogenesis, stress shift, and quantity readjustment to paradigmatic levelling, allomorphy, and grammaticalization, this collection covers a wide spectrum of developments, primarily in Germanic, Romance, and Indo-Aryan. A traditional umbrella category of change in systems is that of analogy. Somewhat less sanctioned, markedness is a basic relation shaping the structure of systems, in phonology as well as morphology.
Author | : Cameron Shelley |
Publisher | : John Benjamins Publishing |
Total Pages | : 184 |
Release | : 2003-07-17 |
Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
ISBN | : 9027296588 |
Download Multiple Analogies in Science and Philosophy Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
A multiple analogy is a structured comparison in which several sources are likened to a target. In Multiple analogies in science and philosophy, Shelley provides a thorough account of the cognitive representations and processes that participate in multiple analogy formation. Through analysis of real examples taken from the fields of evolutionary biology, archaeology, and Plato's Republic, Shelley argues that multiple analogies are not simply concatenated single analogies but are instead the general form of analogical inference, of which single analogies are a special case. The result is a truly general cognitive model of analogical inference.Shelley also shows how a cognitive account of multiple analogies addresses important philosophical issues such as the confidence that one may have in an analogical explanation, and the role of analogy in science and philosophy. This book lucidly demonstrates that important questions regarding analogical inference cannot be answered adequately by consideration of single analogies alone.
Author | : R. Skousen |
Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
Total Pages | : 402 |
Release | : 1992-09-30 |
Genre | : Computers |
ISBN | : 9780792319351 |
Download Analogy and Structure Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Analogy and Structure provides the necessary foundation for understanding the nature of analogical and structuralist (or rule-based) approaches to describing behavior. In the first part of this book, the mathematical properties of rule approaches are developed; in the second part, the analogical alternative to rules is developed. This book serves as the mathematical basis for Analogical Modeling of Language (Kluwer, 1989). Features include: A Natural Measure of Uncertainty: The disagreement between randomly chosen occurences avids the difficulties of using entropy as the measure of uncertainty. Optimal Descriptions: The implicit assumption of structuralist descriptions (namely, that descriptions of behavior should be corrected and minimal) can be derived from more fundamental statements about the uncertainty of rule systems. Problems with Rule Approaches: The correct description of nondeterministic behavior leads to an atomistic, analog alternative to structuralist (or rule-based) descriptions. Natural Statistics: Traditional statistical tests are eliminated in favor of statistically equivalent decision rules that involve little or no mathematical calculation. Psycholinguistic Factors: Analogical models, unlike, neural networks, directly account for probabilistic learning as well as reaction times in world-recognition experiments.
Author | : Dedre Gentner |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 32 |
Release | : 1985 |
Genre | : Analogy |
ISBN | : |
Download Systematicity and Surface Similarity in the Development of Analogy Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Author | : Brian Falkenhainer |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 530 |
Release | : 1989 |
Genre | : Analogy |
ISBN | : |
Download Learning from Physical Analogies Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
To make programs that understand and interact with the world as well as people do, we must duplicate the kind of flexibility people exhibit when conjecturing plausible explanations of the diverse physical phenomena they encounter. This process often involves drawing upon physical analogies - viewing the situation and its behavior as similar to familiar phenomena, conjecturing that they share analogous underlying causes, and using the plausible interpretation as a foothold to further understanding, analysis, and hypothesis refinement. This thesis investigates analogical reasoning and learning applied to the task of constructing qualitative explanations of observed physical phenomena. Primary emphasis is placed on two central questions. First, how are analogies elaborated to sanction new inferences about a novel situation? This problem is addressed by contextual structure-mapping, a knowledge-intensive adaptation of Gentner's structure-mapping theory. It presents analogy elaboration as a map and analyze cycle, in which two situations are placed in correspondence, followed by problem solving and inference production focused on correspondence inadequacies. These ideas are illustrated via PHINEAS, a program which uses similarity to posit qualitative explanations for time-varying descriptions of physical behaviors. It builds upon existing work in qualitative physics to provide a rich environment in which to describe and reason with theories of the physical world. Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Theses. (kt).
Author | : John Clement |
Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
Total Pages | : 608 |
Release | : 2008-06-10 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 1402067127 |
Download Creative Model Construction in Scientists and Students Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
How do scientists use analogies and other processes to break away from old theories and generate new ones? This book documents such methods through the analysis of video tapes of scientifically trained experts thinking aloud while working on unfamiliar problems. Some aspects of creative scientific thinking are difficult to explain, such as the power of analogies, and the enigmatic ability to learn from thought experiments. This book is a window on that world.
Author | : Lisa M. Schneider |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 222 |
Release | : 1983 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Download Effects of Information Structure on Processing of Geometric Analogies Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle