An Investigation Into Cross Layer Design For Energy Conservation In Multi Hop And Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Earthquakes are natural hazards under which disasters are mainly caused by damage to structures or collapse of buildings and other man-made structures. Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. As the earth vibrates, all buildings on the ground surface will respond to that vibration in varying degrees. The horizontal ground motion action is similar to the effect of a horizontal force action on the building.

This book focuses on the design and analysis of protocols for cooperative wireless networks, especially at the medium access control (MAC) layer and for crosslayer design between the MAC layer and the physical layer. It highlights two main points that are often neglected in other books: energy-efficiency and spatial random distribution of wireless devices. Effective methods in stochastic geometry for the design and analysis of wireless networks are also explored. After providing a comprehensive review of existing studies in the literature, the authors point out the challenges that are worth further investigation. Then, they introduce several novel solutions for cooperative wireless network protocols that reduce energy consumption and address spatial random distribution of wireless nodes. For each solution, the book offers a clear system model and problem formulation, details of the proposed cooperative schemes, comprehensive performance analysis, and extensive numerical and simulation results that validate the analysis and examine the performance under various conditions. The last section of this book reveals several potential directions for the research on cooperative wireless networks that deserve future exploration. Researchers, professionals, engineers, and consultants in wireless communication and mobile networks will find this book valuable. It is also helpful for technical staff in mobile network operations, wireless equipment manufacturers, wireless communication standardization bodies, and governmental regulation agencies.

The layered architecture based on OSI model has been widely used in wired networks. Due to the dynamics of wireless medium and the node mobility, many special problems appear in wireless networks, which prevent the conventional layered architecture from functioning optimally in wireless environment. In this thesis, we study the wireless networks from different perspectives. Our objective is to systematically develop network protocols and architecture to address various limitations of wireless systems by assuming a cross-layer approach. Firstly, we develop an energy consumption model for wireless ad hoc networks. In existing work, transmission power is commonly used to represent energy consumption cost. In this study, we analyze possible energy consumptions in physical layer, MAC layer (such as signaling packets), and upper layers (such as end-to-end retransmission), and propose more accurate models to capture the energy consumption cost due to different factors. Secondly, based on the energy consumption model, we design an energy efficient routing protocol. The existing energy efficient routing protocols only focus on the search of the most energy efficient path. However, there are many problems in these protocols, including broadcast storm issue, long setup delay, and poor performance in mobility scenario. In this study, we propose an efficient method for estimating the accurate link cost, a quick path searching scheme to find the energy efficient path, and an efficient maintenance scheme to adjust the path according to the environment. Thirdly, we perform the cross-layer design for multiple-channel multiple-interface network to improve the throughput. Current MAC and routing protocols are mainly developed for only one channel and the existing wireless devices are equipped with only one wireless interface. In this study, we design a unified MAC and routing framework to exploit the benefits enabled by the multiple channels to improve the capacity of ad hoc networks. Our joint channel assignment and routing scheme searches for an efficient transmission path, while taking into account the limited number of channels/interfaces, local topology information, and link rate diversity. Our scheduling scheme at MAC layer coordinates transmissions within the vicinity over a short time scale to maximize channel usage and avoid collision among nodes sharing the same channel. The scheduling scheme complemented with prioritized transmitting will also coordinate interface switching to avoid unnecessary switching delay, support load balancing, reduce the broadcast delay and further improve throughput in a multi-channel multi-interface environment.

Cross-layer design seeks to enhance the capacity of wireless networks significantly through the joint optimization of multiple layers in the network, primarily the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers. Although there are advantages of such design in wireline networks as well, this approach is particularly advantageous for wireless networks due to the properties (such as mobility and interference) that strongly affect performance and design of higher layer protocols. This unique monograph is concerned with the issue of cross-layer design in wireless networks, and more particularly with the impact of node-level multiuser detection on such design. It provides an introduction to this vibrant and active research area insufficiently covered in existing literature, presenting some of the principal methods developed and results obtained to date. Accompanied by numerous illustrations, the text is an excellent reference for engineers, researchers and students working in communication networks.

The military, the research community, emergency services, and industrial environments all rely on ad hoc mobile wireless networks because of their simple infrastructure and minimal central administration. Now in its second edition, Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Principles, Protocols, and Applications explains the concepts, mechanism, design, and performance of these highly valued systems. Following an overview of wireless network fundamentals, the book explores MAC layer, routing, multicast, and transport layer protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks. Next, it examines quality of service and energy management systems. Additional chapters cover mobility models for multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks as well as cross-layer design issues. Exploring Bluetooth, IrDA (Infrared Data Association), HomeRF, WiFi, WiMax, Wireless Internet, and Mobile IP, the book contains appropriate examples and problems at the end of each chapter to illustrate each concept. This second edition has been completely updated with the latest technology and includes a new chapter on recent developments in the field, including sensor networks, personal area networks (PANs), smart dress, and vehicular ad hoc networks. Self-organized, self-configured, and self-controlled, ad hoc mobile wireless networks will continue to be valued for a range of applications, as they can be set up and deployed anywhere and anytime. This volume captures the current state of the field as well as upcoming challenges awaiting researchers.

Information flow in a telecommunication network is accomplished through the interaction of mechanisms at various design layers with the end goal of supporting the information exchange needs of the applications. In wireless networks in particular, the different layers interact in a nontrivial manner in order to support information transfer. In this text we will present abstract models that capture the cross-layer interaction from the physical to transport layer in wireless network architectures including cellular, ad-hoc and sensor networks as well as hybrid wireless-wireline. The model allows for arbitrary network topologies as well as traffic forwarding modes, including datagrams and virtual circuits. Furthermore the time varying nature of a wireless network, due either to fading channels or to changing connectivity due to mobility, is adequately captured in our model to allow for state dependent network control policies. Quantitative performance measures that capture the quality of service requirements in these systems depending on the supported applications are discussed, including throughput maximization, energy consumption minimization, rate utility function maximization as well as general performance functionals. Cross-layer control algorithms with optimal or suboptimal performance with respect to the above measures are presented and analyzed. A detailed exposition of the related analysis and design techniques is provided.

This book investigates energy management approaches for energy efficient or energy-centric system design and architecture and presents end-to-end energy management in the recent heterogeneous-type wireless network medium. It also considers energy management in wireless sensor and mesh networks by exploiting energy efficient transmission techniques and protocols. and explores energy management in emerging applications, services and engineering to be facilitated with 5G networks such as WBANs, VANETS and Cognitive networks. A special focus of the book is on the examination of the energy management practices in emerging wireless cellular and ad hoc networks. Considering the broad scope of energy management in wireless cellular and ad hoc networks, this book is organized into six sections covering range of Energy efficient systems and architectures; Energy efficient transmission and techniques; Energy efficient applications and services.

Objective: Develop a cross layer design approach for improved energy conservation in wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks. Analyze the impact of cross-layer approach on energy consumption due to data retransmissions and collisions by developing new energy models.