Thermal Microwave Radiation

Combines theoretical concepts with experimental results on thermal microwave radiation to increase the understanding of the complex nature of terrestrial media. Emphasising on radiative transfer models, this book covers the terrestrial aspects, from clear to cloudy atmosphere, precipitation, ocean and land surfaces, vegetation, snow and ice.

More than 80 years of experience in the practical application of electromagnetic energy in various fields of human activity (industry, agriculture, science, medicine, etc.) suggests that microwave heating is an effective application of electromagnetic energy. This book presents the latest investigations on the applications of microwave energy and the effects of microwave radiation on various materials and mediums. Divided into two sections on thermal and nonthermal effects, this volume contains eight chapters that examine the use of microwave energy to extract bioactive compounds from plant materials, for rock-breaking operations, to synthesize functional dyes and nanomaterials, and more.

We will show in this monograph some possibilities of using the potential of satellite passive microwave radiometric methods for the analysis of variations of heat and dynamic processes in the ocean–atmosphere interface in a wide range of time scales – from mesometeorogical (hours, daily) to seasonal (month) and multiyear (climatic) ones. The most essential mechanisms of intercommunication of natural microwave radiation of the system ocean–atmosphere (SOA) with the vertical turbulence fluxes of sensible, latent heat, as well as the momentum at the boundary of the SOA are studied. We will consider the turbulence heat fluxes as the factors generated by the c- otic movements in the atmosphere, when every small individual part of air is moved irregularly. Here, one can observe a transfer of the energy from large-scale to sma- scales; the average distance between the air particles is increased with a time. Also, the potential of remote sensing the characteristics of heat and water adv- tion and their accumulation in the atmosphere boundary layer are demonstrated. In these studies, we mean mainly the middle and high latitudes of the North Atlantic, which are forming the weather conditions and climatic trends over Europe and European territories of the Russia.

For several years, researchers have been reporting the effects of microwave radiation/heating on both the structure and function of DNA, RNA and proteins. For the most part, favourable accelerated biological functions are observed as microwave induced heating occurs, but other not-so favourable effects are also observed, such as denaturation, fragmentation and the so called and ill-explained, non-thermal microwave effects. This volume, the first of its kind, brings researchers together from around the world to discuss their current findings and thinking on the effects of Microwaves on Biological systems, particularly DNA, RNA and proteins, in the form of contributed edited chapters.

Microwaves and Thermoregulation emerged from a symposium hosted by the John B. Pierce Foundation at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, on October 26-27, 1981. The event brought together engineers, physical scientists, physiologists, and psychologists to discuss the ways in which nonionizing electromagnetic radiation deposits thermalizing energy in biological tissues and how this energy may be detected and managed by the conscious organism. The book begins by tracing the history of thermal RF-tolerance and of thermoregulation. This is followed by chapters on topics such as the characteristics of the thermal environment; the microwave stimulus; electromagnetic heating for therapy; the effects of thermal (infrared) radiation on humans; body temperature regulation during euthermia and hyperthermia; the central nervous thermoregulatory system; and thermal sensation. Other chapters discuss the sensory dynamics of intense microwave irradiation; thermoregulation in intense microwave fields; thermoregulatory behavioral responses; and effects of long-term (subchronic) exposure to weak microwave fields. The book also includes a chapter featuring panel discussion held during the symposium, and one that discusses G. A. Sachers free-energy hypothesis of life-span enhancement.

The book describes different approaches to the analysis of heat and dynamic processes in the ocean-atmospheric interface with satellite passive radiometric observations at microwaves. It examines the feasibility of determining synoptic, seasonal and year-to-year variations of sensible, latent and momentum fluxes to a useful accuracy using the DMSP SSM/I and EOS Aqua AMSR-E data directly from the measured brightness temperatures. An important object in the studies is the North Atlantic with emphasize on the areas with high midlatitude cyclon activity: here the main results have been obtained by combining data from the vessel experiments NEWFOUEX-88, ATLANTEX-90 and the data of microwave radiometers from the DMSP and EOS Aqua satellites. The role of vertical turbulent and horizontal advective heat transfer in forming interrelations between the brightness temperature of the system ocean-atmosphere and surface heat fluxes in the range of synoptic time scales is analyzed. Special sections of the book describe some results of analysis of reaction of the system ocean-atmosphere on passing of the tropical cyclone Katrina (August 2005) in the Florida Strait as well as a behavior of the system in the period of a time preceding to origination the cyclone Humberto (September 2007) in the Mexico Gulf. The long-term goal of this research is the search for effects and regularities, which can explain the reasons for the tropical cyclones appearance. Some characteristics of the tropical cyclones (brightness temperature and heat contrasts, etc.) are compared with those for midlatitude cyclones. At the same time as covering a key topic area with implications for global warming research, this text is also usefull to students who want to gain insight into application of satellite microwave radiometric methods for studying the air-sea interaction. Key themes: microwave radiometry, air-sea interaction, midlatitude and tropical cyclones, atmosphere boundary layer, heat and momentum surface fluxes.

This book deals with all aspects of industrial, scientififc and medical (ISM) applications of microwaves. The text covers not only the theoretical and applied aspects of electromagnetism, but also explores current research, industrial considerations and historical and regulatory issues.