The Persistent Pull Of Police Professionalism

"This paper suggests that the past model of police professionalism has been updated as a result of technology and federal funding. Sklansky explains that 1960s police professionalism was not about tactics, such as random patrol, but rather about the governing mindset behind policies. By the early 1980s, this professional policing model was discredited, giving birth to community policing, which also focused more on ideas and policy and less on tactics. Community policing was seen to have shortcomings, such as being vague and not reducing serious crime. Today, professional policing is mounting a comeback. Community policing, however, is still valuable. Although the community policing model is incomplete, a model of "advanced community policing" could address unanswered specifics about the nature of community policing that would help law enforcement agencies, police researchers, and the public resist the persistent pull of police professionalism. Governing Science is one of a series of papers that are being published as a result of the second "Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety," a collaboration of NIJ and Harvard Kennedy School's Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management."--Publisher's website.

Original publisher: [Cambridge, Mass.]: Harvard Kennedy School Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management; Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, [2011] OCLC Number: (OCoLC)720018457 Subject: Police professionalization -- United States -- History. Excerpt: ... The Persistent Pull of Police Professionalism - 15 21. Navigating Your Agency's Path, supra note 12, 27. In fact, the leading treatise on police manage at 10. ment in the era of police professionalism argued explicitly that " indexes of efficiency " were of " lim 22. Beck & McCue, supra note 16, at 18, 23; see ited utility " in assessing police practices because also William Bratton, John Morgan & Sean the available data were so crude. O.W. Wilson, Malinowski, Fighting Crime in the Information Police Administration 8 ( 1950 ). This passage was Age: The Promise of Predictive Policing 8 ( discus retained in the second edition of the treatise, see sion draft, Nov. 18, 2009 ) ( claiming that " we have O.W. Wilson, Police Administration 24 ( 2d ed. entered the era of predictive policing " ). 1963 ), but not in the third, see O.W. Wilson & Roy Clinton McLaren, Police Administration ( 3d ed. 23. Beck & McCue, supra note 16, at 19. 1972 ). 24. Id. 28. William Ker Muir, Jr., Police: Streetcorner Politicians ( 1977 ). 25. Bratton et al., supra note 22, at 1. There may also be a difference in emphasis: intelligence-29. Christopher Stone & Jeremy Travis, Toward led policing is sometimes said to be marked by a a New Professionalism in Policing 1 ( pre " concentration on prolific and persistent offend publication draft, June 2009 ). ers, " Ratcliffe, supra note 13, at 8; and predictive policing is sometimes said to focus on " times 30. Id. at 5 - 6. and locations predicted to be associated with an increased likelihood for crime, " rather than 31. Id. at 8. on " specific individuals, " Beck & McCue, supra 32. Id. note 16, at 22. But intelligence-led policing has also been ...

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"In the 1980s, community policing replaced the traditional crime-fighting model of policing, often referred to as "professional policing." Community policing was an improvement over the previous policing paradigm (one that the authors argue was more truly professional than the command-and-control model that it replaced) and represented a great change in how police officers did their jobs. The authors argue that it is now time for a new model for the 21st century, one that they call a "New Professionalism." Their framework rests on increased accountability for police in both their effectiveness and their conduct; greater legitimacy in the eyes of the citizenry; continuous innovation in tactics and strategies for interacting with offenders, victims, and the general public; and national coherence through the development of national norms and protocols for policing. Governing Science is one of a series of papers that are being published as a result of the second "Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety," a collaboration of NIJ and Harvard Kennedy School's Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management."--Publisher's website.

The third thesis is that the form (concerns articulated) will depend upon the type of technology and organizational strategies available. It becomes clear in the analysis that the rhetoric is cumulative. Attention is focused on a discussion of reasons why police rhetoric of professionalism is only occasionally followed by related reform activities. Implications of this finding are explored and the strength of the unionization movement as it affects professionalism is examined. The author concludes that rhetoric itself is partly responsible for the slow movement of professionalization and that policing has not yet become a profession in the sociological sense largely because of police acceptance of their own rhetoric of professionalism

"This book describes and explains the failure of the federal courts of the United States to act and to provide remedies to individuals whose constitutional rights have been violated by illegal state coercion and violence. This remedial vacuum must be understood in light of the original design and historical development of the federal courts. At its conception, the federal judiciary was assumed to be independent thanks to an apolitical appointment process, a limited supply of adequately trained lawyers (which would prevent cherry-picking), and the constraining effect of laws and constitutional provision. Each of these checks quickly failed. As a result, the early federal judicial system was highly dependent on Congress. Not until the last quarter of the nineteenth century did a robust federal judiciary start to emerge, and not until the first quarter of the twentieth century did it take anything like its present form. The book then charts how the pressure from Congress and the White House has continued to shape courts behaviour-first eliciting a mid-twentieth-century explosion in individual remedies, and then driving a five-decade long collapse. Judges themselves have not avidly resisted this decline, in part because of ideological reasons and in part out of institutional worries about a ballooning docket. Today, as a result of these trends, the courts are stingy with individual remedies, but aggressively enforce the so-called "structural" constitution of the separation of powers and federalism. This cocktail has highly regressive effects, and is in urgent need of reform"--

This intriguing book examines how material objects of the 20th century—ranging from articles of clothing to tools and weapons, communication devices, and toys and games—reflect dominant ideas and testify to the ways social change happens. Objects of everyday life tell stories about the ways everyday Americans lived. Some are private or personal things—such as Maidenform brassiere or a pair of patched blue jeans. Some are public by definition, such as the bus Rosa Parks boarded and refused to move back for a white passenger. Some material things or inventions reflect the ways public policy affected the lives of Americans, such as the Enovid birth control pill. An invention like the electric wheelchair benefited both the private and public spheres: it eased the lives of physically disabled individuals, and it played a role in assisting those with disabilities to campaign successfully for broader civil rights. Artifacts from Modern America demonstrates how dozens of the material objects, items, technologies, or inventions of the 20th century serve as a window into a period of history. After an introductory discussion of how to approach material culture—the world of things—to better understand the American past, essays describe objects from the previous century that made a wide-ranging or long-lasting impact. The chapters reflect the ways that communication devices, objects of religious life, household appliances, vehicles, and tools and weapons changed the lives of everyday Americans. Readers will learn how to use material culture in their own research through the book's detailed examples of how interpreting the historical, cultural, and social context of objects can provide a better understanding of the 20th-century experience.

Schools, theatres and malls used to be safe havens. Marathons were triumphal, not tragic. Today, public life is risky. Citizens are on edge, either calling for gun control or purchasing personal weapons of self-defense. In this timely book, prominent US and international authors examine gun violence in public life. They offer the latest data and analysis on topics such as comparative gun homicide rates, the efficacy of gun control, risks associated with gun ownership, concealed-carry data and policy, media and gaming violence, gender and guns, and school shootings. New insights are developed from a comparative case study of Canada, a country in which gun ownership is common but with a much lower rate of gun violence. Neither demonising nor mythologising guns, the contributors provide evidence-based analyses that shed light on policy directions and personal conduct.