The Liquid And Supercritical Fluid States Of Matter

This book addresses graduate students and researchers wishing to better understand the liquid and supercritical fluid states of matter, presenting a single cohesive treatment of the liquid and supercritical fluid states using the gas-like and solid-like approaches. Bringing this information together into one comprehensive text, this book outlines how our understanding of the liquid and supercritical fluid states is applied and explores the use of supercritical fluids in daily life and in research, for example in power generation, and their existence in planetary interiors. Presents a single coherent treatment of the key knowledge about the liquid and supercritical fluid states Provides comprehensive survey of key fluid properties from the latest experiments and applies our theoretical knowledge to understand the behaviour of these real fluids Explores the consequences of recent advances in the field on our understanding in industry, nature, and in interdisciplinary research, including planetary science

Supercritical fluids which are neither gas nor liquid, but can be compressed gradually from low to high density, are gaining increasing importance as tunable solvents and reaction media in the chemical process industry. By adjusting the pressure, or more strictly the density, the properties of these fluids are customized and manipulated for the particular process at hand, be it a physical transformation, such as separation or solvation, or a chemical transformation, such as a reaction or reactive extraction. Supercritical fluids, however, differ from both gases and liquids in many respects. In order to properly understand and describe their properties, it is necessary to know the implications of their nearness to criticality, to be aware of the complex types of phase separation (including solid phases) that occur when the components of the fluid mixture are very different from each other, and to develop theories that can cope with the large differences in molecular size and shape of the supercritical solvent and the solutes that are present.

Supercritical fluids are neither gas nor liquid, but can be compressed gradually from low to high density and they are therefore interesting and important as tunable solvents and reaction media in the chemical process industry. By adjusting the density the properties of these fluids can be customised and manipulated for a given process - physical or chemical transformation. Separation and processing using supercritical solvents such as CO2 are currently on-line commercially in the food, essential oils and polymer industries. Many agencies and industries are considering the use of supercritical water for waste remediation. Supercritical fluid chromatography represents another, major analytical application. Significant advances have recently been made in materials processing, ranging from particle formation to the creation of porous materials. The chapters in this book provide tutorial accounts of topical areas centred around: (1) phase equilibria, thermodynamics and equations of state; (2) critical behaviour, crossover effects; (3) transport and interfacial properties; (4) molecular modelling, computer simulation; (5) reactions, spectroscopy; (6) phase separation kinetics; (7) extractions; (8) applications to polymers, pharmaceuticals, natural materials and chromatography; (9) process scale-up.

A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point. It can diffuse through solids like a gas, and dissolve materials like a liquid. Additionally, close to the critical point, small changes in pressure or temperature result in large changes in density, allowing many properties to be "tuned". Supercritical fluids are suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a range of industrial and laboratory processes. Carbon dioxide and water are the most commonly used supercritical fluids, being used for decaffeination and power generation respectively. In general terms, supercritical fluids have properties between those of a gas and a liquid. This new and important book gathers the latest research from around the globe in this field of study with a focus on such topics as: the modification and preparation of membrane in supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical fluid technology applied to the manufacture of prebiotic carbohydrates, the pre-treatment of herbaceous matrix in a process of supercritical fluid extraction, fundamental properties and chemical reactions of supercritical methanol and others.

This is now the third edition of a well established and highly successful undergraduate text. The content of the second edition has been reworked and added to where necessary, and completely new material has also been included. There are new sections on amorphous solids and liquid crystals, and completely new chapters on colloids and polymers. Using unsophisticated mathematics and simple models, Professor Tabor leads the reader skilfully and systematically from the basic physics of interatomic and intermolecular forces, temperature, heat and thermodynamics, to a coherent understanding of the bulk properties of gases, liquids and solids. The introductory material on intermolecular forces and on heat and thermodynamics is followed by several chapters dealing with the properties of ideal and real gases, both at an elementary and at a more sophisticated level. The mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of solids are considered next, before an examination of the liquid state. The author continues with chapters on colloids and polymers, and ends with a discussion of the dielectric and magnetic properties of matter in terms of simple atomic models. The abiding theme is that all these macroscopic material properties can be understood as resulting from the competition between thermal energy and intermolecular or interatomic forces. This is a lucid textbook which will continue to provide students of physics and chemistry with a comprehensive and integrated view of the properties of matter in all its many fascinating forms.

Properties of Liquids and Solutions Second Edition J.N. Murrell A.D. Jenkins University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Properties of Liquids and Solutions, Second edition, is a fully revised and updated edition of this popular text, providing a broad coverage of the physics and chemistry of the liquid state. In recent years there have been great developments in the understanding of intermolecular potentials and computer simulation of bulk properties, and these advances are reflected in the new material in this edition. Properties of Liquids and Solutions continues to bring together an up-to-date account of advances, as well as providing essential background information, in the study of the liquid state. Properties of Liquids and Solutions will continue to be an indispensable teaching text for lecturers and students in chemistry, biochemistry, chemical physics, materials science and environmental science.

Although supercritial fluid (SCF) technology is now widely used in extraction and purification processes (in the petrochemical, food and pharmaceuticals industries), this book is the first to address the new application of cleaning. The objective is to provide a roadmap for readers who want to know whether SCF technology can meet their own processing and cleaning needs. It is particularly helpful to those striving to balance the requirements for a clean product and a clean environment. The interdisciplinary subject matter will appeal to scientists and engineers in all specialties ranging from materials and polymer sciences to chemistry and physics. It is also useful to those developing new processes for other applications, and references given at the end of each chapter provide links to the wider body of SCF literature. The book is organized with topics progressing from the fundamental nature of the supercritical state, through process conditions and materials interactions, to economic considerations. Practical examples are included to show how the technology has been successfully applied. The first four chapters consider principles governing SCF processing, detailing issues such as solubility, design for cleanability, and the dynamics of particle removal. The next three chapters discuss surfactants and microemulsions, SCF interaction with polymers, and the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as a cleaning solvent. The closing chapters focus on more practical considerations such as scaleup, equipment costs, and financial analysis.

These proceedings comprise invited and contributed papers presented at PLMMP-2014, addressing modern problems in the fields of liquids, solutions and confined systems, critical phenomena, as well as colloidal and biological systems. The book focuses on state-of-the-art developments in contemporary physics of liquid matter. The papers presented here are organized into four parts: (i) structure of liquids in confined systems, (ii) phase transitions, supercritical liquids and glasses, (iii) colloids, and (iv) medical and biological aspects and cover the most recent developments in the broader field of liquid state including interdisciplinary problems.