The Jamaican Deportees

This book is about the effect of U.S. Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA of 1996) and criminal deportation to Jamaica; the issues associated with 'deportees' or deported migrants resettlement and re-integration, and increased crime and violence in Jamaica which several 'high-ranking' police officers and policy-makers claimed deportees are responsible for. It also represents a dedicated attempt to bridge both lines of inquiry between increased criminal deportation and increased crime and violence in Jamaica over a period of time, wherein criminal deportees are constantly being blamed for the high murder rate and alarming crime figures in the country, placing deported migrants at a severe disadvantage. Based on six years of studies and notes-taking, I find that there are two types of deported migrants and over six different categories of us and I write in details about the categories. Some people are unreformed or dangerous and are involved in criminal activities based on a variety of factors, while the majority are law abiding citizens. Quite a few, including myself have tertiary degrees, meaningful skills, and 'first world' experiences that are in demand thus we can contribute to the society in positive ways, but we are highly marginalized. And the Government especially, and some uninformed people in the society discriminate against deported migrants (deportees) for arcane reasons. I write about the issues and challenges that some deported migrants have to deal with, the problems that some 'unreformed' or desperate ones have caused, the reasons why re-integration and meaningful support is necessary, how I was abducted or unlawfully arrested by the police and wrongfully prosecuted and unlawfully convicted by a state prosecutor, and how I was sentenced to an illegal term of imprisonment by a presiding judge and then wrongfully or inadvertently deported to Jamaica by the ICE even though I am a veteran of the US Army with a service-connected injury. The IIRIRA of 1996 is a reform of laws that are in need of careful revision in the interest of the 'American Justice' and fairness to non-US citizens who are permanent residents of the United States. A 'must read' edition.

Deporting ‘Black Britons’ exposes the relationship between racism, borders and citizenship by telling the painful stories of four men who have been exiled to Jamaica. It examines processes of criminalisation, illegalisation and racialisation as they interact to construct deportable subjects in contemporary Britain and offers new ways of thinking about race and citizenship at different scales.

Over 390,000 individuals were removed by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) from the United States of America in 2011. The Caribbean region was identified for years as America's 'backyard' and the close proximity has led many Caribbean nationals to migrate toward the "Land of Opportunity" to pursue "The American Dream." But some seeking that dream became involved in criminal activity and found themselves 'banished to their homelands". Deportees suffer a second sentence which takes the form of stigmatization and segregation when they return to their birthplace, thus making re-integration difficult. The literature about crime and punishment has emphasized the growing ranks of deportees but has failed to highlight their re-entry struggles. Looking closely at the hardships faced by Jamaican deportees while drawing parallels to the plight of deportees to the Dominican Republic, the goal of this research is to identify and illustrate the specific problems many deportees encounter when they return to their 'homeland'. Through interviews in Jamaica, members of this virtually invisible and forgotten group will describe their limited options for a second chance at life. The aim of this study is to highlight the kinds of direct aid from social service agencies that would assist them in their quest for reintegration.

Winner, 2016 Distinguished Contribution to Research Book Award, given by the American Sociological Association Latino/a Section The intimate stories of 147 deportees that exposes the racialized and gendered dimensions of mass deportations in the U.S. The United States currently is deporting more people than ever before: 4 million people have been deported since 1997 –twice as many as all people deported prior to 1996. There is a disturbing pattern in the population deported: 97% of deportees are sent to Latin America or the Caribbean, and 88% are men, many of whom were originally detained through the U.S. criminal justice system. Weaving together hard-hitting critique and moving first-person testimonials, Deported tells the intimate stories of people caught in an immigration law enforcement dragnet that serves the aims of global capitalism. Tanya Golash-Boza uses the stories of 147 of these deportees to explore the racialized and gendered dimensions of mass deportation in the United States, showing how this crisis is embedded in economic restructuring, neoliberal reforms, and the disproportionate criminalization of black and Latino men. In the United States, outsourcing creates service sector jobs and more of a need for the unskilled jobs that attract immigrants looking for new opportunities, but it also leads to deindustrialization, decline in urban communities, and, consequently, heavy policing. Many immigrants are exposed to the same racial profiling and policing as native-born blacks and Latinos. Unlike the native-born, though, when immigrants enter the criminal justice system, deportation is often their only way out. Ultimately, Golash-Boza argues that deportation has become a state strategy of social control, both in the United States and in the many countries that receive deportees.

The unique story of a small community of escaped slaves who revolted against the British government yet still managed to maneuver and survive against all odds After being exiled from their native Jamaica in 1795, the Trelawney Town Maroons endured in Nova Scotia and then in Sierra Leone. In this gripping narrative, Ruma Chopra demonstrates how the unlikely survival of this community of escaped slaves reveals the contradictions of slavery and the complexities of the British antislavery era. While some Europeans sought to enlist the Maroons' help in securing the institution of slavery and others viewed them as junior partners in the global fight to abolish it, the Maroons deftly negotiated their position to avoid subjugation and take advantage of their limited opportunities. Drawing on a vast array of primary source material, Chopra traces their journey and eventual transformation into refugees, empire builders--and sometimes even slave catchers and slave owners. Chopra's compelling tale, encompassing three distinct regions of the British Atlantic, will be read by scholars across a range of fields.

The danger of deportation hangs over the head of virtually every noncitizen in the United States. In the complexities and inconsistencies of immigration law, one can find a reason to deport almost any noncitizen at almost any time. In recent years, the system has been used with unprecedented vigor against millions of deportees. We are a nation of immigrants--but which ones do we want, and what do we do with those that we don't? These questions have troubled American law and politics since colonial times. Deportation Nation is a chilling history of communal self-idealization and self-protection. The post-Revolutionary Alien and Sedition Laws, the Fugitive Slave laws, the Indian "removals," the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Palmer Raids, the internment of the Japanese Americans--all sought to remove those whose origins suggested they could never become "true" Americans. And for more than a century, millions of Mexicans have conveniently served as cheap labor, crossing a border that was not official until the early twentieth century and being sent back across it when they became a burden. By illuminating the shadowy corners of American history, Daniel Kanstroom shows that deportation has long been a legal tool to control immigrants' lives and is used with increasing crudeness in a globalized but xenophobic world.

What happens to migrants after they are deported from the United States and dropped off at the Mexican border, often hundreds if not thousands of miles from their hometowns? In this eye-opening work, Jeremy Slack foregrounds the voices and experiences of Mexican deportees, who frequently become targets of extreme forms of violence, including migrant massacres, upon their return to Mexico. Navigating the complex world of the border, Slack investigates how the high-profile drug war has led to more than two hundred thousand deaths in Mexico, and how many deportees, stranded and vulnerable in unfamiliar cities, have become fodder for drug cartel struggles. Like no other book before it, Deported to Death reshapes debates on the long-term impact of border enforcement and illustrates the complex decisions migrants must make about whether to attempt the return to an often dangerous life in Mexico or face increasingly harsh punishment in the United States.

Due process protections are among the most important Constitutional protections in the United States, yet they do not apply to non-citizens facing detention and deportation. Due Process Denied describes the consequences of this lack of due process through the stories of deportees and detainees. People who have lived nearly all of their lives in the United States have been detained and deported for minor crimes, without regard for constitutional limits on disproportionate punishment. The court's insistence that deportation is not punishment does not align with the experiences of deportees. For many, deportation is one of the worst imaginable punishments.

This Handbook presents current and future studies on the changing dynamics of the role of immigrants and the impact of immigration, across the United States and industrialized and developing nations. It covers the changing dynamics of race, ethnicity, and immigration, and discusses how it all contributes to variations in crime, policing, and the overall justice system. Through acknowledging that some groups, especially people of color, are disproportionately influenced more than others in the case of criminal justice reactions, the “War on Drugs”, and hate crimes; this Handbook introduces the importance of studying race and crime so as to better understand it. It does so by recommending that researchers concentrate on ethnic diversity in a national and international context in order to broaden their demographic and expand their understanding of how to attain global change. Featuring contributions from top experts in the field, The Handbook of Race and Crime is presented in five sections—An Overview of Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice; Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Crime; Race, Gender, and the Justice System; Gender and Crime; and Race, Gender and Comparative Criminology. Each section of the book addresses a key area of research, summarizes findings or shortcomings whenever possible, and provides new results relevant to race/crime and justice. Every contribution is written by a top expert in the field and based on the latest research. With a sharp focus on contemporary race, ethnicity, crime, and justice studies, The Handbook of Race and Crime is the ideal reference for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and scholars interested in the disciplines such as Criminology, Race and Ethnicity, Race and the Justice System, and the Sociology of Race.

Discusses how mass detention and deportation of immigrants, has escalated even higher since the Obama and Trump administrations.