The Human Microbiota And Chronic Disease

Microbiota-associated pathology can be a direct result of changes in general bacterial composition, such as might be found in periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis, and/or as the result of colonization and/or overgrowth of so called keystone species. The disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota, or dysbiosis, plays an integral role in human health and human disease. The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease: Dysbioses as a Cause of Human Pathology discusses the role of the microbiota in maintaining human health. The text introduces the reader to the biology of microbial dysbiosis and its potential role in both bacterial disease and in idiopathic chronic disease states. Divided into five sections, the text delineates the concept of the human bacterial microbiota with particular attention being paid to the microbiotae of the gut, oral cavity and skin. A key methodology for exploring the microbiota, metagenomics, is also described. The book then shows the reader the cellular, molecular and genetic complexities of the bacterial microbiota, its myriad connections with the host and how these can maintain tissue homeostasis. Chapters then consider the role of dysbioses in human disease states, dealing with two of the commonest bacterial diseases of humanity – periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis. The composition of some, if not all microbiotas can be controlled by the diet and this is also dealt with in this section. The discussion moves on to the major ‘idiopathic’ diseases afflicting humans, and the potential role that dysbiosis could play in their induction and chronicity. The book then concludes with the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiota, introducing the concepts of probiotics, prebiotics and the administration of healthy human faeces (faecal microbiota transplantation), and then hypothesizes as to the future of medical treatment viewed from a microbiota-centric position. Provides an introduction to dysbiosis, or a disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota Explains how microbiota-associated pathology and other chronic diseases can result from changes in general bacterial composition Explores the relationship humans have with their microbiota, and its significance in human health and disease Covers host genetic variants and their role in the composition of human microbial biofilms, integral to the relationship between human health and human disease Authored and edited by leaders in the field, The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease will be an invaluable resource for clinicians, pathologists, immunologists, cell and molecular biologists, biochemists, and system biologists studying cellular and molecular bases of human diseases.

Human Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease: From Pathogenesis to Therapy is a comprehensive discussion of all the aspects associated with gut microbiota early colonization, its development and maintenance, and its symbiotic relationship with the host to promote health. Chapters illustrate the complex mechanisms and metabolic signalling pathways related to how the gut microbiota maintain proper regulation of glucose, lipid and energy homeostasis and immune response, while mediating inflammatory processes involved in the etiology of many chronic disease conditions. Details are provided on the primary etiological factors of chronic disease, the effects of gut dysbiosis and its associated disease conditions, while providing an overview of therapeutic strategies involving dietary fiber and prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation therapy and probiotics. Throughout the chapters, a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed animal and human studies is provided as evidence related to the history of human exposure, safety, tolerance, toxicity, nomenclature, and clinical efficacy of utilizing prebiotic fructans, s, as well as probiotic intervention, and dietary modification in the prevention and intervention of chronic disease conditions. With common use today of pharmaceutical medicine in treating symptoms, and frequent overuse of antibiotics in chronic disease within mainstream medical practice, understanding the etiological mechanisms of dysbiosis-induced chronic disease, and natural approaches that offer prevention and potential cures for these diseases is of vital importance to overall human health. Details the complex relationship between human microbiota in the gut, oral cavity, urogenital tract and skin as well as their colonization, development and impact of factors that influence the relationship Illustrates the mechanisms associated with dysbiosis-associated inflammation and its role in the onset and progression in chronic disease Provides the primary mechanisms and comprehensive scientific evidence for the use of dietary modification, and pro- and pre-biotics in preventing and intervening in chronic disease

The book provides an overview on how the gut microbiome contributes to human health. The readers will get profound knowledge on the connection between intestinal microbiota and immune defense systems. The tools of choice to study the ecology of these highly-specialized microorganism communities such as high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic mining will be presented. In addition the most common diseases associated to the composition of the gut flora are discussed in detail. The book will address researchers, clinicians and advanced students working in biomedicine, microbiology and immunology.

The book provides an overview on how the microbiome contributes to human health and disease. The microbiome has also become a burgeoning field of research in medicine, agriculture & environment. The readers will obtain profound knowledge on the connection between intestinal microbiota and immune defense systems, medicine, agriculture & environment. The book may address several researchers, clinicians and scholars working in biomedicine, microbiology and immunology. The application of new technologies has no doubt revolutionized the research initiatives providing new insights into the dynamics of these complex microbial communities and their role in medicine, agriculture & environment shall be more emphasized. Drawing on broad range concepts of disciplines and model systems, this book primarily provides a conceptual framework for understanding these human-microbe, animal-microbe & plant-microbe, interactions while shedding critical light on the scientific challenges that lie ahead. Furthermore this book explains why microbiome research demands a creative and interdisciplinary thinking—the capacity to combine microbiology with human, animal and plant physiology, ecological theory with immunology, and evolutionary perspectives with metabolic science.This book provides an accessible and authoritative guide to the fundamental principles of microbiome science, an exciting and fast-emerging new discipline that is reshaping many aspects of the life sciences. These microbial partners can also drive ecologically important traits, from thermal tolerance to diet in a typical immune system, and have contributed to animal and plant diversification over long evolutionary timescales. Also this book explains why microbiome research presents a more complete picture of the biology of humans and other animals, and how it can deliver novel therapies for human health and new strategies.

A great number of diverse microorganisms inhabit the human body and are collectively referred to as the human microbiome. Until recently, the role of the human microbiome in maintaining human health was not fully appreciated. Today, however, research is beginning to elucidate associations between perturbations in the human microbiome and human disease and the factors that might be responsible for the perturbations. Studies have indicated that the human microbiome could be affected by environmental chemicals or could modulate exposure to environmental chemicals. Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk presents a research strategy to improve our understanding of the interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome and the implications of those interactions for human health risk. This report identifies barriers to such research and opportunities for collaboration, highlights key aspects of the human microbiome and its relation to health, describes potential interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome, reviews the risk-assessment framework and reasons for incorporating chemicalâ€"microbiome interactions.

The 21st century has witnessed a complete revolution in the understanding and description of bacteria in eco- systems and microbial assemblages, and how they are regulated by complex interactions among microbes, hosts, and environments. The human organism is no longer considered a monolithic assembly of tissues, but is instead a true ecosystem composed of human cells, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. As such, humans are not unlike other complex ecosystems containing microbial assemblages observed in the marine and earth environments. They all share a basic functional principle: Chemical communication is the universal language that allows such groups to properly function together. These chemical networks regulate interactions like metabolic exchange, antibiosis and symbiosis, and communication. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Chemical Sciences Roundtable organized a series of four seminars in the autumn of 2016 to explore the current advances, opportunities, and challenges toward unveiling this "chemical dark matter" and its role in the regulation and function of different ecosystems. The first three focused on specific ecosystemsâ€"earth, marine, and humanâ€"and the last on all microbiome systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the seminars.

Chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, are now among the greatest threats to human health. As public concerns with complex causality and long development period, chronic diseases generally cannot be cured by medication or prevented by vaccines. Finding new strategies to prevent or treat chronic diseases has long been a challenge to science. Recently, a series of breakthrough studies in intestinal biology, especially in the fields of the gut microbiota, has made us pay close attention to the critical role of intestinal function in chronic disease treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota could affect the occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment of human conditions, resulting in gut microbiota intervention as a new therapeutic strategy for chronic disorders. However, investigating the intrinsic relation between the gut microbiome and chronic conditions is still in development and requires intense concentration, although the wave of research on the gut microbiome has continued growing and the associated innovations are evolving rapidly. Moreover, translational research on the human microbiome is gaining attention nowadays. Probiotics and their engineered strains, postbiotics, microbial metabolites, prebiotics, microbiota transplantation, and microbiota-targeted interventions are practical approaches to modulating the microbiome. Probiotics, postbiotics, and microbial metabolites are one of the most important and effective interventions. As for disease prevention and treatment, some microbiota-associated live biotherapeutic products (e.g., Akkermansia muciniphila) have been demonstrated with respectable efficacy for human disorders, including diabetes. As for the food nutrition community, supplement with probiotics or prebiotics in diet shows health-promoting benefits for the human being. Collectively, these results inspire us to explore more effective strains to prevent or treat human conditions such as chronic diseases. Undoubtedly, exploring the human-associated microbiota provides a novel perspective for unlocking life’s mystery and unraveling the underlying basic pathogenesis of diseases such as chronic conditions. Targeting microbiota through probiotics, postbiotics, microbial metabolites, prebiotics, microbiota transplantation, and other interventions can generate new therapeutic strategies for chronic disorders in humans. Therefore, this research topic aims to explore the beneficial effects of novel probiotics, postbiotics, and microbial metabolites on chronic diseases, determine the critical role that the human microbiome and probiotics or postbiotics play in chronic conditions changes, determine the basic principles of translational research on probiotics or postbiotics or microbial metabolites and contribute to the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders. We welcome submissions including original research articles, clinical studies, and reviews that contribute innovative knowledge to the following but not limited to potential research topics: •Identification of functional probiotics, postbiotics, and microbial metabolites with human health-promoting, chronic disease prevention and therapeutic properties. •Probiotics/postbiotics or microbial metabolites supplements prevent and treat several most prevalent chronic conditions including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, mental disorders, cancers, and pulmonary conditions. •Clinical and experimental studies using multi-omics to reveal the intrinsic relationship between human microbes/microbiota and chronic diseases. •Translational microbiome research on chronic diseases. •The engineered probiotics for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, especially related studies involved in exploring the potential molecular mechanisms of engineering microbes. •The key technologies involved in the industrialization process of probiotics, postbiotics, and microbial metabolites.

Abstract : A majority of American adults are diagnosed with one or more chronic diseases. Lifestyle choices such as diet, physical activity/ inactivity, and substance abuse play vital roles in the development and maintenance of several pathologies including hypertension and obesity. With clear evidence of correlations between lifestyle choices and hypertension, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Chronic high consumption of alcohol increases the risk of hypertension and other diseases. Here a potential role of acetate, a bioactive molecule produced as a result of alcohol metabolism, in driving augmented NMDA receptor-mediated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) is presented. Elevated SNA is characteristic of some chronic diseases such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and diabetes. Unmasking mechanisms in which neurogenic hypertension develops, along with the potential role of alcohol consumption and metabolism will lead to better target-based therapeutics for the treatment of alcohol related diseases. In addition to alcohol consumption, lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise also play a pivotal role in maintaining health. The data demonstrates the impacts of a high salt diet or moderate aerobic exercise training on the gut microbiome of SD rats. Also, a more optimal sampling unit for microbiome analysis to make associations between healthy and diseased states is proposed. Diet and exercise were independently able to significantly change microbial community composition. These changes were seen in colon mucosa-associated communities however exercise wasn't able to significantly alter microbial community composition in the small intestine or fecal samples. These data suggest a need to not only better understand mucosa-associated microbial communities but also to develop more efficient testing strategies to characterize the gut microbiome and determine its role in health and disease development.

Health is defined as “the state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease”. Surprisingly, the words “microbes” or “microorganism” are missing in this definition. The regulation of gut microbiota is mediated by an enormous quantity of aspects, such as microbiological factors, host characteristics, diet patterns, and environmental variables. Some protective, structural, and metabolic functions have been reported for gut microbiota, and these functions are related to the regulation of homeostasis and host health. Host defense against pathogens is, in part, mediated through gut microbiota action and requires intimate interpretation of the current microenvironment and discrimination between commensal and occasional bacteria. The present Special Issue provides a summary of the progress on the topic of intestinal microbiota and its important role in human health in different populations. This Special Issue will be of great interest from a clinical and public health perspective. Nevertheless, more studies with more samples and comparable methods are necessary to understand the actual function of intestinal microbiota in disease development and health maintenance.

Thousands of different microbial species colonize the human body, and are essential for our survival. This book presents a review of the current understanding of human microbiomes, the functions that they bring to the host, how we can model them, their role in health and disease and the methods used to explore them. Current research into areas such as the long-term effect of antibiotics makes this a subject of considerable interest. This title is essential reading for researchers and students of microbiology.