The Elements Of Civil Engineering Prepared For Students Of The International Correspendence Schools Scranton Pa Volume 5

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1899 edition. Excerpt: ...quartz pebbles is of very little value as a road material. These pebbles are very smooth and possess scarcely any binding power; where they constitute more than half the mass, the gravel is usually worthless as a covering material for roads, unless mixed with some binding material. Between these two extremes, that is, between the undecayed trap pebbles, which are the best, and the white quartz pebbles, which have the least value, are the pebbles of syenite, granite, chert, limestone, and mica-schist, occurring in great variety and widely differing quality, but all possessing more or less value as road material. Much the same qualities are desirable for gravel as a road material as those that have been noticed for broken stone. The gravel for road material should be sharp and comparatively clean; it should be screened before being spread upon the roadway, in order to separate from it the excessively large pebbles and also the injuriously fine and loamy material. If found mingled with a large proportion of clay, it will be worth while to wash it. Gravel for road material should not contain more than one-fourth part sand or clay, and not more than one-half of its pebbles should be composed of white quartz. Gravel composed of stones of angular form, such as is taken from pits, is much better for road purposes than that composed of round or oval pebbles, such as is commonly found in the beds of streams. Where the gravel is composed largely of white quartz, round smooth pebbles, or any material having small cementing capacity, a binding material should be added. Probably the best available material for this purpose is the ordinary red or brown iron ore found in nearly all parts of the country. It is very common in swamps, and is valuable for...

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1899 edition. Excerpt: ...of pounds of water which a pound of coal will raise from 60 and evaporate into steam at 80 lb. pressure. As will be explained later, it is customary, for the purpose of calculation, to reduce both Wand 2 to the equivalent evaporation from and at 212 F. ExAMPLE.--Find the grate area of an 80 H. P. boiler, evaporating 30 lb. of water from and at 212 per H. P. per hour, the rate of combustion being 12 lb. per sq. ft. of grate surface per hr., and the evaporation 1011-lb. of water from and at 212 per pound of coal. 1831. The heating surface of a boiler includes the entire surface of the shell and flues coming in contact with the flame and furnace gases on one side and water on the other; this includes, in the case of externally fired boilers, the portion of the shell below the fire line, portions of the heads, and the inner surface of fire tubes and flues, or the outer surface of water tubes. In the case of internally fired boilers, the heating surface includes the interior of the firebox, or furnace flues, and the inner surface of the tubes, if there are any. The area of the heating surface of each of the various types of boilers bears a nearly constant ratio to the grate area. The ratios usually adopted are as follows: Plain cylindrical boilers........................ 12 to 15 Cornish....................................... 15 to 30 Cylindrical flue................................ 20 to 25 Cylindrical tubular............................ 25 to 35 Marine fire tubular............................ 30 to 35 Marine water tubular.......................... 35 to 40 Locomotive tubular............................ 50 to 100 1832. From a large number of tests of horizontal tubular boilers, Mr. G. H. Barrus concludes that the ratio of heating surface to...

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.