The Causes Of Rural To Urban Migration Among The Poor

"The migration of labor from rural to urban areas is an important part of the urbanization process in developing countries. Even though it has been the focus of abundant research over the past five decades, some key policy questions have not found clear answers yet. To what extent is internal migration a desirable phenomenon and under what circumstances? Should governments intervene and, if so, with what types of interventions? What should be their policy objectives? To shed light on these important issues, the authors survey the existing theoretical models and their conflicting policy implications and discuss the policies that may be justified based on recent relevant empirical studies. A key limitation is that much of the empirical literature does not provide structural tests of the theoretical models, but only provides partial findings that can support or invalidate intuitions and in that sense, support or invalidate the policy implications of the models. The authors' broad assessment of the literature is that migration can be beneficial or at least be turned into a beneficial phenomenon so that in general migration restrictions are not desirable. They also identify some data issues and research topics which merit further investigation. "--World Bank web site.

"The magnitudes, nature, causes, and consequences of population movements between rural and urban sectors of developing countries are examined. The prior literature is reviewed, proving limited in key dimensions. Evidence is presented from a new database encompassing nationally representative data on seventy-five developing countries. Several measures of migration propensities are derived for the separate countries. The situation in each country is documented, both in historical context and following the time of enumeration. Rural-urban migrants enjoy major gains; those who do not move forego substantial, potential gains. Barriers to migrating are very real for disadvantaged groups. Migration among ethnolinguistic communities is a pervasive theme; the context in which each group lives is detailed. Upward mobility in incomes in towns is affirmed, and the departure of adults from rural homes raises living standards of the family left behind but consequent separation of married couples is endemic to particular societies. Reclassification of rural areas as urban is shown to be more important than net rural-urban moves in incremental urbanization and rural-urban moves are less permanent than normally portrayed. A contention of symmetry between rural-urban and urban-rural migration propensities is rejected and indications that these twin movements result in sorting of labor by skills is not supported. Moreover, step and onward migration are not as common as popularly claimed. Previously neglected topics studied include autonomous migration by women, child migration, and networks at origin. Policies to limit rural-urban migration are questioned, rather planning for managed urban growth is vital as climate change continues. Key words: Rural, urban, migration, development, literature, database, reclassification, sorting, policies"--

Document from the year 2021 in the subject Geography / Earth Science - Demographics, Urban Management, Planning, , language: English, abstract: In this book the author discusses theories of migration, the history of Indian migration, what drives rural-urban migration and the nature of migration. What effects does this have? This book will cover the rural-urban migration of persons within states or between the states based on crossing the geographical boundaries. It is covering all the qualitative aspects of rural to urban migration, which shows the affected demographic structure of migration within India. This will assess the different steam’ of migration at all Indian levels over a decade. Rural-urban migration is a natural phenomenon in any society. It takes special attention in developing countries where industrialization is in progress and economic activities are rising. As a result of rapid economic growth for the past few decades, since the initiation of economic reforms in 1990, India has been experiencing the rapid urbanization flow from rural to urban migration. Urban population growth in developing countries is far more rapid than the population growth generally, about half the urban growth is accounted for by migrants from rural areas.

Rural urban migration in Ethiopia has historically been characterized by complex flows arising from a combination of root causes. The most common push factors for rural-urban migration in Ethiopia are lack of sufficient food, shortage of rural farmland, existence of landlessness and unemployment. It is evident that extreme poverty has been and continues to be key driving forces for migration. Seasonal rural-urban migration is not limited to the poor rural community members. Middle income and even 'rich' peasants take part in seasonal migration during agricultural as a means of maximizing income opportunities. Both young and adult men practice seasonal migration to offset their rural distress and earn income to augment their agricultural income. Migration is attributed to have both negative and positive consequences at community, household and individual levels. Migration in rural areas served as a safety net mechanism for poor individuals. Without increased food security, infrastructure, and employment opportunities, it can be anticipated that migration flows from rural to urban will be continue.

The aim of this study was to explore the socio-economic condition and poverty reduction among the migrants. This study was based on the field survey and the sample size was 240. It was an attempt to identify the main causes of rural-urban migration and to explore its socio-economic condition and poverty situation in the selected areas of Khulna City Corporation. The main causes of rural-urban migration at household and individual level were for job searching, migration after getting new job and for quality education. Persistent migration from rural areas to the K.C.C Khulna City Corporation) has serious influence on the level of productivity, the state of urban infrastructure and environmental conditions since with migrant s cities grow faster than the capacity of the economy to support them."