Tevatron Collider Operations And Plans

Fermilab's Tevatron is a proton-antiproton collider with center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV. The antiprotons are produced by 125 GeV protons from the Main Injector striking a stainless steel target. The 8 GeV antiprotons are collected and cooled in the Debuncher and Accumulator rings of the Antiproton Source and, just recently, in the Recycler ring before acceleration by the Main Injector and the Tevatron. In addition to energy, a vital parameter for generating physics data is the Luminosity delivered to the experiments given by a formula that is listed in detail in the paper.

This book presents the developments in accelerator physics and technology implemented at the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider, the world’s most powerful accelerator for almost twenty years prior to the completion of the Large Hadron Collider. The book covers the history of collider operation and upgrades, novel arrangements of beam optics and methods of orbit control, antiproton production and cooling, beam instabilities and feedback systems, halo collimation, and advanced beam instrumentation. The topics discussed show the complexity and breadth of the issues associated with modern hadron accelerators, while providing a systematic approach needed in the design and construction of next generation colliders. This book is a valuable resource for researchers in high energy physics and can serve as an introduction for students studying the beam physics of colliders.

The Tevatron is now the highest energy proton synchrotron and the only accelerator made with superconducting magnets. Operating since 1983 as a fixed-target machine at energies up to 800 GeV, it has now been modified to operate as a 900 GeV antiproton-proton collider. This paper describes the initial operation of the machine in this mode. The new features of the Fermilab complex, including the antiproton source and the Main Ring injector with its two overpasses and new rf requirements, are discussed. Beam characteristics in the Tevatron (including lifetimes, emittances, luminosity, beam-beam tune shifts, backgrounds, and low beta complications), the coordination of the steps in the accelerator chain, and the commissioning history are also discussed. Finally, some plans for the improvement of the collider are presented.

The Tevatron Collider at Fermilab is the world's highest energy hadron collider, colliding protons with antiprotons at a center of mass energy of 1800 GeV. At present six proton bunches collide with six antiproton bunches to generate luminosities of up to 9 x 103° cm−2s−1. It is estimated that to reach luminosities significantly greater than 1031 cm−2s−1 while minimizing the number of interactions per crossing, the number of bunches will have to be increased. Thirty-six bunch operation looks like the most promising plan. This paper looks at the strategies for increasing the number of particle bunches, the new hardware that needs to be designed and changes to the operating mode in filling the Tevatron. An interactive program which simulates the filling of the Tevatron collider is also presented. The time scale for multibunch operation and progress towards running greater than six bunches is given in this paper.

During the 1988--1989 run, the Fermilab Tevatron proton-antiproton collider exceeded the design luminosity goal of 103°/cm2/sec and delivered 9.6 pb/sup /minus/1/ of integrated luminosity at 1800 GeV to the CDF experiment. Based on the operational experience accumulated during this collider run, the performance of the Tevatron collider will be reviewed. This review will treat not only the Tevatron itself, but also the auxiliary accelerator systems necessary for collider operation. The performance and the limitations in each of the accelerator subsystems will be discussed and analyzed. The plans to overcome some of these limitations in the next collider run will also be discussed. Finally, the status of longer-term upgrade proposals for the early 1990's focused on increased luminosity will be presented. 10 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

The Run II era at Fermilab began in March 2001. Many changes to the accelerator complex were made to support the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider operation with peak luminosities of 2-4 x 1032 cm−2 s−1 while delivering greater than 5 fb−1 of integrated luminosity before the LHC begins its physics program. This report describes the current status of Run II operations and the machine performances needed to achieve the goals.

The performance of the Tevatron collider demonstrated continuous growth over the course of Run II, with the peak luminosity reaching 4 x 1032 cm−2 s−1, and the weekly integration rate exceeding 70 pb−1. This report presents a review of the most important advances that contributed to this performance improvement, including beam dynamics modeling, precision optics measurements and stability control, implementation of collimation during low-beta squeeze. Algorithms employed for optimization of the luminosity integration are presented and the lessons learned from high-luminosity operation are discussed. Studies of novel accelerator physics concepts at the Tevatron are described, such as the collimation techniques using crystal collimator and hollow electron beam, and compensation of beam-beam effects.

This paper will describe the actual operating performance of the Tevatron, operating as a collider, and will indicate the planned upgrades which will enhance, the physics results coming from the experiments being performed at Fermilab.