Synthetic Receptors For Biomolecules

Synthetic receptor molecules, molecules that mimic antibody recognition, are widely used for developing drug leads; drug delivery vehicles; imaging agents; sensing agents; capture agents and separation systems. Synthetic Receptors for Biomolecules covers the most effective synthetic receptors for each major class of biomolecules within the context of specific applications. The book starts with an introduction to the applications of synthetic receptors for biomolecules and their design and synthesis for biomolecule recognition. Dedicated chapters then cover synthetic receptors for the key biomolecules including inorganic cations; small organic and inorganic anions; carbohydrates; nucleosides/nucleotides; oligonucleotides; amino acids and peptides; protein surfaces as well as non-polar and polar lipids; Each chapter follows the same systematic format of (a) chemical structures and physical properties of the biomolecule, (b) biological recognition of the biomolecule, (c) synthetic receptors for the biomolecule, (d) future directions and challenges. Edited by a leader in the field, the book is written in an accessible style for readers new to supramolecular chemistry or for those looking for synthetic receptors.

A timely overview of this rapidly-expanding topic, covering the most important classes of compounds and incorporating the latest literature. With its application-oriented approach, this book is the first to emphasize current and potential applications, extending to such fields as materials science, bioorganic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and organic synthesis. In the biological context in particular, the book clarifies which receptor systems work well in water or better under physiological conditions. From the contents: * Amino Acid, Peptid and Protein Receptors * Carbohydrate Receptors * Ammonium, Amidinium and Guanidinium Receptors * Anion Receptors * Molecular Capsules and Self Assembly * Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries based on Molecular Recognition * Molecular Machines * Self-Replication Aimed at graduate students and specialists in the field, this is also of interest to pharmaceutical companies involved in drug design, as well as chemical companies with a polymer or nanotechnology group. In addition, analytical companies working on the advanced equipment covered here will find stimulating new applications.

Despite achievements in the application of enzymes, antibodies and biological receptors to diagnostics and sensing, the last two decades have also witnessed the emergence of a number of alternative technologies based on synthetic chemistry. This volume shows how synthetic receptors can be designed with characteristics that make them attractive alternatives to biological molecules in the sensory and diagnostics fields, with contributions from leading experts in the area. Subjects covered include synthetic receptors for a range of biomolecules, the use of antimicrobial peptides for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms, the development of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles, the in silico design of MIPs and MIP-based sensors, and two chapters examining the development of sensors from an industrial point of view. The particular focus of all chapters is on practical aspects, either in the development process or the applications of the synthesized materials. This book will serve as an important reference work for business leaders and technology experts in the sensors and diagnostics sector.

The development of synthetic receptors capable of high-affinity complexation of biologically relevant analytes in competitive solvent systems represents an ongoing challenge in molecular recognition. Anion recognition is particularly problematic, which is significant since numerous biological processes are regulated by anions, such as those resulting from phosphorylation. In this dissertation, we present the design and synthesis of a fluorescent sensor containing two cyclen groups that are preorganized to form a binding cleft for anion complexation. The receptor design includes a rigid acridine backbone, which is also exploited for fluorescence signal transduction. Furthermore, click chemistry is employed to facilitate receptor synthesis, and binding studies with various phosphorylated guest molecules are described. Additionally, the development of boronic acid-based carbohydrate receptors is presented. Carbohydrates play important roles in a large number of biochemical processes such as signal transduction and cell surface recognition events. The receptors will be used to study carbohydrate binding through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Another project involves the synthesis of aromatic compounds that can act as auxin herbicides. Auxins are plant hormones that play a major role in the regulation of plant growth and development. A modular synthetic strategy is employed to access a library of small molecules that will be tested for herbicidal activity on a variety of weeds. Finally, the work on the design and synthesis of molecular building blocks to generate covalently-bonded ordered organic frameworks is discussed.

With its exploration of the scientific and technological characteristics of systems exploiting molecular recognition between synthetic materials, such as polymers and nanoparticles, and biological entities, this is a truly multidisciplinary book bridging chemistry, life sciences, pharmacology and medicine. The authors introduce innovative biomimetic chemical assemblies which constitute platforms for recruitment of cellular components or biological molecules, while also focusing on physical, chemical, and biological aspects of biomolecular recognition. The diverse applications covered include biosensors, cell adhesion, synthetic receptors, cell patterning, bioactive nanoparticles, and drug design.

The first to provide systematically organized information on all three important aspects of artificial receptor design, this book brings together knowledge on an exceptionally hot and multidisciplinary field of research. Strong emphasis is placed on the methodology for discovering artificial receptors, with both definitions for chemosensitivity as well as experimental setups supplied. There follows coverage of numerous classes of artificial receptors, including synthesis, immobilization on surfaces, and quantitative data on properties. The third part of the book focuses on receptor arrays for artificial nose and tongue applications and the whole is rounded off with an outlook and an appendix with all relevant quantitative data on artificial receptors.

In a bid to develop synthetic molecules and materials that are capable of mimicking biological recognition and function, intensive research in the fields of synthetic receptor technologies, smart materials, synthetic biology and smart indicators has been under way for the past 20-30 years. The development of synthetic receptors continues to grow rapidly. Novel molecular architectures, with ever improving selective binding properties are constantly being described, and in some cases providing much-needed physical insights into the nature of non-covalent interactions and molecular recognition. Such receptor systems are finding increasingly esoteric applications and this book captures the key developments at the synthetic receptor/biology/detection science interface. The editor has extensive experience in applying smart materials and synthetic receptors to the development of biosensors. Reddy has developed smart, permselective and biocompatible molecularly imprinted polymers and membrane materials for the sensor/sample interface and the advancement of smart materials-based electrochemical, quartz crystal and optical sensors for medical, food and environmental applications. Chapters demonstrate how growing disciplines such as biomimetics, synthetic receptor technologies, pattern recognition and nanotechnology are being used to develop new smart materials for diagnostic sensor and biosensor applications. Postgraduate students and researchers in academia and industry will benefit from this resourceful handbook.

Nanoarmoring of Enzymes: Rational Design of Polymer-Wrapped Enzymes, Volume 590 is the latest volume in the Methods in Enzymology series that focuses on nanoarmoring of enzymes and the rational design of polymer-wrapped enzymes. This new volume presents the most updated information on a variety of topics, including specific chapters on Encapsulating Proteins in Nanoparticles: Batch by Batch or One by One, Enzyme Adsorption on Nanoparticle Surfaces Probed by Highly Sensitive Second Harmonic Light Scattering, Armoring Enzymes by Metal–Organic Frameworks by the Coprecipitation Method, and Enzyme Armoring by an Organosilica Layer: Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nanobiocatalysts. Users will find this to be an all-encompassing resource on nanoarmoring in enzymes. Focuses on the nanoarmoring of enzymes Covers the rational design of polymer-wrapped enzymes Includes contributions from leading authorities working in enzymology Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field of enzymology

Research on molecular recognition of amino compounds, such as biogenic amines, amino acids, peptides, proteins, and carbohydrate like essential substrates in biological processes, by synthetic receptors is an issue of great concern from both a supramolecular chemistry and analytical application point of view. Among naturally occurring amino acids tryptophan (L-Trp) is the most fluorescent, the indole ring of L-Trp have recently been the subject of much investigation due to the functional and structural prominence of such interactions in chemistry and biology. Recently, it was found that the reduced nutritional state of patients with chronic kidney disease could be attributed to the deficiency of histidine (L-His). L-His rich proteins are found to play many important roles in humans and their abnormal level could indicate a variety of diseases. Therefore, selective detection of L-His and L-Trp in biological fluids has become a significant objective and a number of methods have been developed for this purpose.