Studies On Chemical Synthesis Of Peptides

Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2004 in the subject Chemistry - Organic Chemistry, Bangalore University / Central College (Department of Studies in Chemistry), language: English, abstract: The importance of ß-amino acids has been focused, particularly in the past few decades. They are found as components of many biologically active peptidic and nonpeptidic natural products with antibiotic, antifungal, cytotoxic, and other pharmacological properties. ß-Amino acids are produced in humans, animals, microorganisms, marine organisms, and plants either in free state or as part of a peptide or depsipeptide. The importance of nonpeptidic ß-amino acids has been nfocused particularly on the ß-lactam antibiotics, since naturally occurring penicillin derivatives have been discovered as broad antibiotic active agents. Over the years, a large number of these compounds have been prepared and tested, and a variety of new ß-lactam ring systems have been introduced such as cephems, cephalosporins, oxacephems, penems, carbapenems, oxapenams as well as monocyclic and polycyclic ring systems. ß-Amino acids have been known to play an important role in primary and secondary metabolism also. [...]

Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2004 in the subject Chemistry - Organic Chemistry, Bangalore University / Central College (Department of Studies in Chemistry), language: English, abstract: The importance of ß-amino acids has been focused, particularly in the past few decades. They are found as components of many biologically active peptidic and nonpeptidic natural products with antibiotic, antifungal, cytotoxic, and other pharmacological properties. ß-Amino acids are produced in humans, animals, microorganisms, marine organisms, and plants either in free state or as part of a peptide or depsipeptide. The importance of nonpeptidic ß-amino acids has been nfocused particularly on the ß-lactam antibiotics, since naturally occurring penicillin derivatives have been discovered as broad antibiotic active agents. Over the years, a large number of these compounds have been prepared and tested, and a variety of new ß-lactam ring systems have been introduced such as cephems, cephalosporins, oxacephems, penems, carbapenems, oxapenams as well as monocyclic and polycyclic ring systems. ß-Amino acids have been known to play an important role in primary and secondary metabolism also. [...]

Peptides are used ubiquitously for studies in biology, biochemistry, chemical biology, peptide based medicinal chemistry, and many other areas of research. There is a number of marketed peptide drugs, and the prospects for the development of new peptide drugs are very encouraging. The second edition of Peptide Synthesis and Applications expands upon the previous editions with current, detailed methodologies for peptide synthesis. With new chapters on laboratory protocols for both the specialist and the non-specialist. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Peptide Synthesis and Application, Second Edition seeks to aid scientists in understanding different approaches to the synthesis of peptides by using a broad range of methods and strategies.

In recent years, research has shown the importance of peptides in neuroscience, immunology, and cell biology. Active research programs worldwide are now engaged in developing peptide-based drugs and vaccines using modification of natural peptides and proteins, design of artificial peptides and peptide mimetics, and screening of peptide and phage libraries. In this comprehensive book, the authors discuss peptide synthesis and application within the context of their increasing importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Peptides: Synthesis, Structures, and Applications explores the broad growth of information in modern peptide synthetic methods and the structure-activity relationships of synthetic polypeptides. The history of peptide chemistry Amide formation, deprotection, and disulfide formation in peptide synthesis Solid-phase peptide synthesis a-helix formation by peptides in water Stability and dynamics of peptide conformation An overview of structure-function studies of peptide hormones Neuropeptides:peptide and nonpeptide analogs Reversible inhibitors of serine proteinases Design of polypeptides Current capabilities and future possibilities of soluble chemical combinatorial libraries Epitope mapping with peptides Synthesis and applications of branched peptides in immunological methods and vaccines

Almost two centuries ago proteins were recognized as the primary materials (proteios = primary) oflife, but the significance and wide role of peptides (from pepsis = digestion) in practically all life pro cesses has only become apparent in the last few decades. Biologi cally active peptides are now being discovered at rapid intervals in the brain and in other organs including the heart, in the skin of amphibians and many other tissues. Peptides and peptide-like compounds are found among toxins and antibiotics. It is unlikely that this process, an almost explosive broadening of the field, will come to a sudden halt. By now it is obvious that Nature has used the combination of a small to moderate number of amino acids to generate a great variety of agonists with specific and often highly sophisticated functions. Thus, peptide chemistry must be regarded as a discipline in its own right, a major branch of biochemistry, fairly separate from the chemistry of proteins. Because of the important role played by synthesis both in the study and in the practical preparation of peptides, their area can be considered as belonging to bio-organic chemistry as well. The already overwhelming and still increasing body of know ledge renders an account of the history of peptide chemistry more and more difficult. It appears therefore timely to look back, to take stock and to recall the important stages in the development of a new discipline.

Peptides have diverse applications in medicine, and their synthesis by chemical methods is an important and rapidly growing area of research interest. The emphasis throughout this book is on the chemical principles behind the more important methods of peptide synthesis, and it provides acritical, concise, and up-to-date survey of the field. The book begins by covering the basic principles and the chemistry of peptide synthesis. Later chapters look at strategies and techniques used for synthesizing various types of peptide; they are illustrated with carefully selected case studies which highlight the many difficulties involved and theways in which they can be overcome. This paperback edition includes a fully updated literature guide, and will provide both beginning and established researchers with a valuable account of this important field.

A continued interest in Peptide Chemistry prompted the revision of the first edition of this book. This provided an opportunity to update several details. I am grateful to colleagues who were kind enough to inform me of errors, typographical and other, they had discovered in the first edi tion. These have now been corrected, as were certain shortcomings in language and style pointed out by my daughter, Dr. Eva Bodanszky. In 1991 the excellent The Chemical Synthesis of Peptides by John Jones (Oxford University Press, 1991) appeared. It covers, in part, the same field, but is different enough from Peptide Chemistry, to justify publication of a revised edition of the latter. Princeton, July 1993 M. Bodanszky Preface to the First Edition Nature applied peptides for a great variety of specific functions. The specificity provided by the individual character of each amino acid is further ehanced by the combination of several amino acids into larger molecules. Peptides therefore can act as chemical messengers, neuro transmitters, as highly specific stimulators and inhibitors, regulating var ious life-processes. Entire classes of biologically active compounds, such as the opioid peptides or the gastrointestinal hormones emerged within short periods of time and it is unlikely that the rapid succession of discoveries of important new peptides would come to a sudden halt. In fact, our knowledge of the field is probably still in an early stage of development. Peptides also gained importance in our everyday life.

Side Reactions in Peptide Synthesis, based on the author’s academic and industrial experience, and backed by a thorough review of the current literature, provides analysis of, and proposes solutions to, the most frequently encountered side reactions during peptide and peptidomimetic synthesis. This valuable handbook is ideal for research and process chemists working with peptide synthesis in diverse settings across academic, biotech, and pharmaceutical research and development. While peptide chemistry is increasingly prevalent, common side reactions and their causes are often poorly understood or anticipated, causing unnecessary waste of materials and delay. Each chapter discusses common side reactions through detailed chemical equations, proposed mechanisms (if any), theoretical background, and finally, a variety of possible solutions to avoid or alleviate the specified side reaction. Provides a systematic examination on how to troubleshoot and minimize the most frequent side reactions in peptide synthesis Gives chemists the background information and the practical tools they need to successfully troubleshoot and improve results Includes optimization-oriented analysis of side reactions in peptide synthesis for improved industrial process development in peptidyl API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) production Answers the growing, global need for improved, replicable processes to avoid impurities and maintain the integrity of the end product. Presents a thorough discussion of critical factors in peptide synthesis which are often neglected or underestimated by chemists Covers solid phase and solution phase methodologies, and provides abundant references for further exploration

How to synthesize native and modified proteins in the test tube With contributions from a panel of experts representing a range of disciplines, Total Chemical Synthesis of Proteins presents a carefully curated collection of synthetic approaches and strategies for the total synthesis of native and modified proteins. Comprehensive in scope, this important reference explores the three main chemoselective ligation methods for assembling unprotected peptide segments, including native chemical ligation (NCL). It includes information on synthetic strategies for the complex polypeptides that constitute glycoproteins, sulfoproteins, and membrane proteins, as well as their characterization. In addition, important areas of application for total protein synthesis are detailed, such as protein crystallography, protein engineering, and biomedical research. The authors also discuss the synthetic challenges that remain to be addressed. This unmatched resource: Contains valuable insights from the pioneers in the field of chemical protein synthesis Presents proven synthetic approaches for a range of protein families Explores key applications of precisely controlled protein synthesis, including novel diagnostics and therapeutics Written for organic chemists, biochemists, biotechnologists, and molecular biologists, Total Chemical Synthesis of Proteins provides key knowledge for everyone venturing into the burgeoning field of protein design and synthetic biology.

A successful seientific career requires constant effort on the part of the seientist. If such a career is to be achieved by seientists in developing countries where the faeilities are not easily available, even more dedication is required. Dr. K. M. Sivanandaiah, having completed a successful career in the field of peptide chemistry, is such a seientist. Being weIl aware of the limited research facilities available in India, we are extraordinarily appreciative of Professor Sivanandaiah's dedication to the advancement of science. As a Professor of Chemistry and, until his retirement in 1992, the Head of the Department of Studies in Chemistry at Bangalore University, India, he not only devoted much of his time to his students, teaching basic organic chemistry, but was also able to contribute to the field of peptide chemistry. After completing 25 years of service at Central College, Bangalore, where he was admired as an outstanding teacher, Professor Sivanandaiah is still active in research. He is now Professor Emeritus and continues to contribute to the field of peptides. As former students of Professor Sivanandaiah, we felt that publishing a book containing articles related to the design, synthesis, conformation, and biological activity of peptides and written by eminent scientists in the field of peptide research would be a fitting tribute to his role in the field of bioorganic chemistry.