Studies In Industrial Development And Innovation Policy 5 Federal Republic Of Germany

Technological progress is a major factor chaping economic growth. Today's standard of living is a direct result of scientific advances and technical change in the past. Since uncontrolled technological progress has become amenace to our well being and may actually threat our survival, it is necessary to learn to manage technological progress and direct innovative activities in such a manner that both private wants and social needs playa dominant role in determining the rate and direction of technical change. This requires a better understanding of the processes of technical change, of their impact on and interrelationships with economic and social developments and of the means and measures by which both individuals and governments can influence and direct technological progress. To this end, the Ninistry for Research and Technology of the Federal Republ ic of Germany and the National Science Foundation of the Uni ted States of America invited a group of scholars, corporate managers and civil servants to a one week seminar on "Technolo gical Innovation". The seminar took place in April, 1976, in Bonn, Federal Republ ic of Germany. Most papers presented at this meeting were specifically prepared for the seminar. With this volume, they are made available to a larger audience to further stimulate discussion not only among scholars interested in innovation research and technology policy questions but also among managers, union officials, civil ser vants and others directly or indirectly concerned with and affected by technical change.

'The book is quite valuable, with its broad international coverage of state activities in the area of research and innovation support. It should also foster serious debates on the balance between public and private efforts in research and innovation.' - Mats Benner, Journal of Economic Literature '. . . this book provides the reader with a valuable summary of national public policy approaches to research and innovation at the end of the twentieth century and is a useful addition to the shelves of industrial policy experts.' - David Gray, Entrepreneurship and Innovation The book analyses the evolution of research and innovation policies in the world's leading countries. The last decade has witnessed a radical transformation of the landscape shaped after World War II, as described in the seminal collection edited by Richard Nelson in the early 1990s. Even though national systems have inherited different institutional arrangements and trajectories, analyses show three major converging trends in their public policies. There has been a retraction from support to large firms and programmes and a shift toward small to medium enterprises and the innovation infrastructure; the focus on public research and training capabilities is growing; and there has been a redesign of public intervention with the growing role of regions and states on one hand and multinational authorities on the other, particularly in the European Union.

The role of the state in modern capitalism has gone beyond fixing market failures. Those regions and countries that have succeeded in achieving “smart” innovation-led growth have benefited from long-term visionary “mission-oriented” policies—from putting a man on the moon to tackling societal challenges such as climate change and the wellbeing of an ageing population. This book collects the experience of different types of mission-oriented public institutions around the world, together with thought-provoking chapters from leading economists. As the global debate on deficits and debt levels continues to roar, the book offers a challenge to the conventional narrative—asking what kinds of visionary fiscal policies we need to help promote "smart” innovation-led, inclusive, and sustainable growth.

The evaluation of government programmes and measures in the field of technology policy has gained in significance in Germany over the past decade. A variety of evaluation studies on individual projects or programmes with different aims, approaches and methods are available. Which experiences were gained with the instrument of evaluation in this policy area? Evaluation of Technology Policy Programmes in Germany: demonstrates trends of government policy in Germany; documents experiences with the use of various promotion instruments; represents approaches and methods, used in the past years to test the efficiency of various tools of industrial technology policy and discusses their strengths and weaknesses, and draws conclusions for the further development of the evaluation of technology policy in selected areas. £/LIST£ The book includes contributions by authors from the most highly recognized German institutes and consultants working in the evaluation of technology policy, of interest to policy makers, administrators, as well as researchers, scholars and students of economics, innovation research and public policy.

Americans praise medical technology for saving lives and improving health. Yet, new technology is often cited as a key factor in skyrocketing medical costs. This volume, second in the Medical Innovation at the Crossroads series, examines how economic incentives for innovation are changing and what that means for the future of health care. Up-to-date with a wide variety of examples and case studies, this book explores how payment, patent, and regulatory policiesâ€"as well as the involvement of numerous government agenciesâ€"affect the introduction and use of new pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and surgical procedures. The volume also includes detailed comparisons of policies and patterns of technological innovation in Western Europe and Japan. This fact-filled and practical book will be of interest to economists, policymakers, health administrators, health care practitioners, and the concerned public.

A Triple Helix of university-industry-government interactions is the key to innovation in increasingly knowledge-based societies. As the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge moves from the periphery to the center of industrial production and governance, the concept of innovation, in product and process, is itself being transformed. In its place is a new sense of 'innovation in innovation' - the restructuring and enhancement of the organizational arrangements and incentives that foster innovation. This triple helix intersection of relatively independent institutional spheres generates hybrid organizations such as technology transfer offices in universities, firms, and government research labs and business and financial support institutions such as angel networks and venture capital for new technology-based firms that are increasingly developing around the world. The Triple Helix describes this new innovation model and assists students, researchers, and policymakers in addressing such questions as: How do we enhance the role of universities in regional economic and social development? How can governments, at all levels, encourage citizens to take an active role in promoting innovation in innovation and, conversely, how can citizens so encourage their governments? How can firms collaborate with each other and with universities and government to become more innovative? What are the key elements and challenges to reaching these goals?