Structured Products On Electricity

Master's Thesis from the year 2008 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 6.0 , University of Lausanne, language: English, abstract: The Swiss electricity market has been facing structural changes in recent years due to market deregulation activities. This development has been accompanied by the emergence of spot markets where electricity is traded between producer and purchaser. Since the price charged to the end-customer turns out to be more exposed to market prices of electricity, the need for derivatives with a risk management purpose arises. A more recent asset class such as structured products may be used as a risk management tool. This paper focuses on the pricing of various structured products with the Swiss energy price indices as an underlying. Since electricity has particular features that result in a peculiar stochastic process, the pricing of electricity derivatives cannot rely on traditional pricing formulas that have been developed for equity or commodity underlyings. Rather, there is a need for a dynamic model that captures the unique characteristics of electricity. In this paper, a new jump diffusion process is proposed and estimated that is able to incorporate the Swiss electricity price properties. Building on this model, a Monte Carlo simulation is applied that allows one to price differing electricity derivatives that are embedded in structured products. Using the option pricing results, the feasibility and attractiveness of a defined range of structured products is investigated. In order to include the special properties of electricity, new structured products are developed that are more appropriate as risk management tools. One of the main contributions of this paper is the practical approach of how to price structured products. Keywords: Electricity, SWEP, Swissix, Structured Products, Monte Carlo, Jump Diffusion, Derivatives pricing

This book is essential in understanding, investing and risk managing the holy grail of investments - structured products. The book begins by introducing structured products by way of a basic guide so that readers will be able to understand a payoff graphic, read a termsheet or assess a payoff formula, before moving on to the key asset classes and their peculiarities. Readers will then move on to the more advanced subjects such as structured products construction and behaviour during their lifetime. It also explains how to avoid important pitfalls in products across all asset classes, pitfalls that have led to huge losses over recent years, including detailed coverage of counterparty risk, the fall of Lehman Brothers and other key aspects of the financial crisis related to structured products. The second part of the book presents an original approach to implementing structured products in a portfolio. Key features include: A comprehensive list of factors an investor needs to take into consideration before investing. This makes it a great help to any buyer of structured products; Unbiased advice on product investments across several asset classes: equities, fixed income, foreign exchange and commodities; Guidance on how to implement structured products in a portfolio context; A comprehensive questionnaire that will help investors to define their own investment preferences, allowing for a greater precision when facing investment decisions; An original approach determining the typical distribution of returns for major product types, essential for product classification and optimal portfolio implementation purposes; Written in a fresh, clear and understandable style, with many figures illustrating the products and very little mathematics. This book will enable you to better comprehend the use of structured products in everyday banking, quickly analyzing a product, assessing which of your clients it suits, and recognizing its major pitfalls. You will be able to see the added value versus the cost of a product and if the payoff is compatible with the market expectations.

In consequence of unique physical characteristics of electricity markets, power spot prices exhibit considerable volatility. Unrestricted exposure to price risks may result in disastrous effects for participants of liberalised energy markets. Various hedging instruments provide a sound foundation to properly manage undesired energy related risks. We review different derivatives and structured products and present several hedging strategies in both partially liberalised markets and purely competitive markets. In particular, we propose spark spread options as hedging tools to reduce risks that are related to power and fuel price movements. Furthermore, we develop a heuristic that determines the dynamic hedging activities of a bunker oil fired power plant on the basis of historical data. Throughout the thesis, we concentrate on price risks and basis risks associated with energy hedging.

This book introduces readers to the financial markets, derivatives, structured products and how the products are modelled and implemented by practitioners. In addition, it equips readers with the necessary knowledge of financial markets needed in order to work as product structurers, traders, sales or risk managers. As the book seeks to unify the derivatives modelling and the financial engineering practice in the market, it will be of interest to financial practitioners and academic researchers alike. Further, it takes a different route from the existing financial mathematics books, and will appeal to students and practitioners with or without a scientific background. The book can also be used as a textbook for the following courses: • Financial Mathematics (undergraduate level) • Stochastic Modelling in Finance (postgraduate level) • Financial Markets and Derivatives (undergraduate level) • Structured Products and Solutions (undergraduate/postgraduate level)

Structured Products Volume 2 consists of 5 Parts and 21 Chapters covering equity derivatives (including equity swaps/options, convertible securities and equity linked notes) , commodity derivatives (including energy, metal and agricultural derivatives), credit derivatives (including credit linked notes/collateralised debt obligations ("CDOs")), new derivative markets (including inflation linked derivatives and notes, insurance derivatives, weather derivatives, property, bandwidth/telephone minutes, macro-economic index and emission/environmental derivatives ) and tax based applications of derivatives. It also covers the structure and evolution of derivative markets including electronic trading markets and the origins, evolution and prospects for derivative markets. EQUITY LINKED STRUCTURES 1 Equity Derivatives - Equity Futures; Equity Options/Warrants & Equity Swaps 2 Convertible Securities 3 Structured Convertible Securities 4 Equity Linked Notes 5 Equity Derivatives - Investor Applications 6 Equity Capital Management - Corporate Finance Applications of Equity Derivatives COMMODITY LINKED STRUCTURES 7 Commodity Derivatives - Commodity Futures/Options, Commodity Swaps and Commodity Linked Notes 8 Commodity Derivatives - Energy (Oil, Natural Gas and Electricity) Markets 9 Commodity Derivatives - Metal Markets 10 Commodity Derivatives - Agricultural and Other Markets CREDIT DERVIATIVES 11 Credit Derivative Products 12 Credit Linked Notes/Collateralised Debt Obligations 13 Credit Derivatives/Default Risk - Pricing and Modelling 14 Credit Derivatives - Applications/Markets NEW MARKETS 15 Inflation Indexed Notes and Derivatives 16 Alternative Risk Transfer/Insurance Derivatives 17 Weather Derivatives 18 New Markets - Property; Bandwidth; Macro-Economic and Environmental Derivatives 19 Tax and Structured Derivatives Transactions EVOLUTION OF DERIVATIVES MARKETS 20 Electronic Markets and Derivatives Trading 21 Financial Derivatives - Evolution and Prospects

With concerns about energy security and new advances in renewable energy resources, the energy industry is sure to be one of the most exciting and important career fields in the 21st century.

Handbook of Multi-Commodity Markets and ProductsOver recent decades, the marketplace has seen an increasing integration, not only among different types of commodity markets such as energy, agricultural, and metals, but also with financial markets. This trend raises important questions about how to identify and analyse opportunities in and manage risks of commodity products. The Handbook of Multi-Commodity Markets and Products offers traders, commodity brokers, and other professionals a practical and comprehensive manual that covers market structure and functioning, as well as the practice of trading across a wide range of commodity markets and products. Written in non-technical language, this important resource includes the information needed to begin to master the complexities of and to operate successfully in today’s challenging and fluctuating commodity marketplace. Designed as a practical practitioner-orientated resource, the book includes a detailed overview of key markets – oil, coal, electricity, emissions, weather, industrial metals, freight, agricultural and foreign exchange – and contains a set of tools for analysing, pricing and managing risk for the individual markets. Market features and the main functioning rules of the markets in question are presented, along with the structure of basic financial products and standardised deals. A range of vital topics such as stochastic and econometric modelling, market structure analysis, contract engineering, as well as risk assessment and management are presented and discussed in detail with illustrative examples to commodity markets. The authors showcase how to structure and manage both simple and more complex multi-commodity deals. Addressing the issues of profit-making and risk management, the book reveals how to exploit pay-off profiles and trading strategies on a diversified set of commodity prices. In addition, the book explores how to price energy products and other commodities belonging to markets segmented across specific structural features. The Handbook of Multi-Commodity Markets and Products includes a wealth of proven methods and useful models that can be selected and developed in order to make appropriate estimations of the future evolution of prices and appropriate valuations of products. The authors additionally explore market risk issues and what measures of risk should be adopted for the purpose of accurately assessing exposure from multi-commodity portfolios. This vital resource offers the models, tools, strategies and general information commodity brokers and other professionals need to succeed in today’s highly competitive marketplace.

An overview of today's energy markets from a multi-commodity perspective As global warming takes center stage in the public and private sectors, new debates on the future of energy markets and electricity generation have emerged around the world. The Second Edition of Managing Energy Risk has been updated to reflect the latest products, approaches, and energy market evolution. A full 30% of the content accounts for changes that have occurred since the publication of the first edition. Practitioners will appreciate this contemporary approach to energy and the comprehensive information on recent market influences. A new chapter is devoted to the growing importance of renewable energy sources, related subsidy schemes and their impact on energy markets. Carbon emissions certificates, post-Fukushima market shifts, and improvements in renewable energy generation are all included. Further, due to the unprecedented growth in shale gas production in recent years, a significant amount of material on gas markets has been added in this edition. Managing Energy Risk is now a complete guide to both gas and electricity markets, and gas-specific models like gas storage and swing contracts are given their due. The unique, practical approach to energy trading includes a comprehensive explanation of the interactions and relations between all energy commodities. Thoroughly revised to reflect recent changes in renewable energy, impacts of the financial crisis, and market fluctuations in the wake of Fukushima Emphasizes both electricity and gas, with all-new gas valuation models and a thorough description of the gas market Written by a team of authors with theoretical and practical expertise, blending mathematical finance and technical optimization Covers developments in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, as well as coal, oil, natural gas, and renewables The latest developments in gas and power markets have demonstrated the growing importance of energy risk management for utility companies and energy intensive industry. By combining energy economics models and financial engineering, Managing Energy Risk delivers a balanced perspective that captures the nuances in the exciting world of energy.

To thrive in today's booming energy trading market you need cutting-edge knowledge of the latest energy trading strategies, backed up by rigorous testing and practical application Unique in its practical approach, The Handbook of Energy Trading is your definitive guide. It provides a valuable insight into the latest strategies for trading energy—all tried and tested in maintaining a competitive advantage—illustrated with up-to-the-minute case studies from the energy sector. The handbook takes you through the key aspects of energy trading, from operational strategies and mathematical methods to practical techniques, with advice on structuring your energy trading business to optimise success in the energy market. A unique integrated market approach by authors who combine academic theory with vast professional and practical experience Guidance on the types of energy trading strategies and instruments and how they should be used Soaring prices and increasingly complex global markets have created an explosion in the need for robust technical knowledge in the field of energy trading, derivatives, and risk management. The Handbook of Energy Trading is essential reading for all energy trading professionals, energy traders, and risk managers, and in fact anyone who has ever asked: 'what is energy trading?'

This book presents practical Risk Management and Trading applications for the Electricity Markets. Various methodologies developed over the last few years are considered and current literature is reviewed. The book emphasizes the relationship between trading, hedging and generation asset management.