Statius Achilleid

Statius' Achilleid is the most extensive treatment of the myth of Achilles hiding disguised as a girl on the island of Scyros. In the Achilleid, the hero, who had been trained to be an outstanding warrior by the centaur Chiron, complies with a scheme devised by his divine mother, Thetis, who does not want him to sail to Troy since her son is fated to die there. She proposes that he dress as a girl in order to hide himself from the Greeks who wish to enlist him in the martial expedition; despite his inclinations developed by Chiron, Achilles acquiesces, but only in order to pursue his desire for the princess Deidamia. Odysseus and Diomedes, sent by the Greek army, come to Scyros to reclaim Achilles, and the poem depicts the struggles faced by Deidamia and Achilles' future comrades as they coax him in opposite directions. While Achilles tries to sort out his desires, he reflects upon love, family, social obligations, and the lessons that have been imparted to him. Throughout the Middle Ages and up to the current day, Statius' depiction of the great Greek hero has attracted artistic and scholarly attention for its treatment of themes such as education, heroism, fate, and gender and sexuality. Statius' poem, written at the end of the first century CE, also engages deeply with the entirety of the Greek and Roman literary traditions--in particular, epic poems such as the Iliad, the Odyssey, Vergil's Aeneid, and Ovid's Metamorphoses. The Achilleid's reworking of these earlier poems amounts to a tour-de-force reconsideration of the entire genre of epic poetry. This new edition of the Achilleid contains an extensive introduction (encompassing mythological background, details about Statius' language and meter, and a survey of the reception of the poem since late antiquity), a Latin text (based upon recent scholarship) with facing-page English translation, and the first full-scale commentary in English in nearly 70 years.

Statius' Achilleid is a playful, witty, and open-ended epic in the manner of Ovid. As we follow Achilles' metamorphosis from wild boy to demure girl to lover to hero, the poet brilliantly illustrates a series of contrasting codes of behaviour: male and female, epic and elegiac. This first full-length study of the poem addresses not only the narrative itself, but also sets the myth of Achilles on Scyros within a broad interpretive framework. The exploration ranges from the reception of the Achilleid in Baroque opera to the anthropological parallels that have been adduced to explain Achilles' transvestism. The study's expansive approach, which includes Ovid and Ovidian reception, psychoanalytic perspectives and theorizations of gender in antiquity, makes it essential reading not only for students of Statius, but for students of Latin literature, and of gender in antiquity.

The Dark Side of Statius' Achilleid explores systematically and for the first time the darker aspects of Statius' Achilleid, bringing to light the poem's tragic and epic dimensions. By seeking to position at centre-stage these darker elements, the book offers several new readings of the Achilleid in relation to its literary inheritance, its gender dynamics, and its generic tensions. This volume delves beneath the surface of a story that ostensibly deals with a light subject matter—the cross-dressing of a young Achilles on Scyros—to offer an in-depth examination of the poem's relationship to its epic and tragic precursors, and to explore its more serious themes. It is shown to challenge traditional epic narratives, examine Achilles' complex familial relationships and his deviant and transgressive heroism, highlight the tragic character of Thetis, and provide glimpses of the horrors that the cataclysmic Trojan War will beget. By looking into Statius' wide-ranging dialogue with his literary predecessors, such as Homer, Sophocles, Virgil, Ovid, Lucan, and Seneca, as well as Statius' previous epic magnum opus, the Thebaid, the multidimensional characterisations of Achilles and other of the poem's key characters, such as Ulysses, Calchas, and Thetis are investigated. Far from simply representing a shameful but essentially humorous cross-dressing episode in Achilles' life that is destined to be forgotten, the Achilleid can be seen to challenge the very fabric of epic by probing the validity and authority of its literary tradition, as well as highlighting its highly innovative and experimental nature.

This book provides vocabulary and commentary to Statius' unfinished epic poem Achilleid ("[The book or story] of Achilles"), which was intended to tell the life of the hero Achilles from his youth to his death at Troy. The one book and part of a second that survive (a total of 1,128 lines) recount Achilles' life from his time with the centaur Chiron to an episode in which his mother, the sea goddess Thetis, disguises him as a girl on the island of Scyros, where he falls in love with, rapes, and impregnates the princess Deidamia, who gives birth to a son, Pyrrhus. Or, to put it in somewhat different (and far more eloquent) words: "It is about a wild boy brought up in the disappointment of lost immortality, his first experience of human culture, his encounter with the odd puzzle of sex and gender; and it dramatizes the emergence, despite Achilles' confused family circumstances and lack of clear paternal guidance, of his innate virtue and destiny as an epic hero. It is thus a meditation on sons, mothers, foster-fathers and biological fathers, men and animals, men and gods, sex as power, gender as a cultural construction, and gender as innate and essential." (P. J. Heslin, The Transvestite Achilles [Cambridge, 2005], 297) The notes explicate certain syntactical and grammatical aspects that may be challenging for intermediate-advanced students, point out some (not all!) of the various literary/rhetorical figures and tropes that are employed, and supply information on historical, social, cultural, and literary issues raised by Statius' text. In order to encourage reading of the text out loud (an essential component of Latin verse's literary and musical essence, and one that often works hand-in-glove with the literary/rhetorical figures and tropes used, a section of the introduction is devoted to dactylic hexameter, the meter in which Statius' poem - like that of nearly all Latin epics - is written. Also included is John Gower's "Tale of Achilles and Deidamia," a Middle English retelling from the year 1390 of the central episode of Statius' Achilleid. For Gower's verses, glosses of words and idioms whose spelling and/or meaning has changed considerably since his time have been provided to assist the reader in understanding this fascinating offspring of Statius' poem.

"One of the most entertaining short narratives of all time, the Achilleid is a stand-alone work of compelling contemporary interest that moves with great rapidity and clarity. Its compact narrative, which encompasses a brutish childhood, an overprotective mother, temporary gender bending, sexual violence, and a final coming to manhood with the promise of future military prowess, may be unparalleled in a single narrative of such brevity. The text has survived in hundreds of manuscripts, sometimes copied with Statius’ much longer and lugubrious Thebaid, but just as often with other racy short narratives and dramas taught in the medieval schools. The poem’s literary playfulness, visual imagery, and lighthearted treatment of mythological and historical data made it—and can still make it—a goldmine in the classroom. Until now, however, it has been virtually impossible to get a sense of the work if one did not know Latin—recent translations notwithstanding. Stanley Lombardo's translation of the Achilleid is a dream: it’s sound, enthralling, and will fully engage readers with this enticing, perplexing, at times distressing, but ultimately rewarding work." —Marjorie Curry Woods, Blumberg Centennial Professor of English and University Distinguished Teaching Professor, The University of Texas at Austin

I would urge anyone who thinks that Statius only wrote gruesome epic and Claudian only dull panegyric to read this slim and sprightly volume.--Bryn Mawr Classical Review

Saint Augustine famously “wept for Dido, who killed herself by the sword,” and many later medieval schoolboys were taught to respond in similarly emotional ways to the pain of female characters in Virgil’s Aeneid and other classical texts. In Weeping for Dido, Marjorie Curry Woods takes readers into the medieval classroom, where boys identified with Dido, where teachers turned an unfinished classical poem into a bildungsroman about young Achilles, and where students not only studied but performed classical works. Woods opens the classroom door by examining teachers’ notes and marginal commentary in manuscripts of the Aeneid and two short verse narratives: the Achilleid of Statius and the Ilias latina, a Latin epitome of Homer’s Iliad. She focuses on interlinear glosses—individual words and short phrases written above lines of text that elucidate grammar, syntax, and vocabulary, but that also indicate how students engaged with the feelings and motivations of characters. Interlinear and marginal glosses, which were the foundation of the medieval classroom study of classical literature, reveal that in learning the Aeneid, boys studied and empathized with the feelings of female characters; that the unfinished Achilleid was restructured into a complete narrative showing young Achilles mirroring his mentors, including his mother, Thetis; and that the Ilias latina offered boys a condensed version of the Iliad focusing on the deaths of young men. Manuscript evidence even indicates how specific passages could be performed. The result is a groundbreaking study that provides a surprising new picture of medieval education and writes a new chapter in the reception history of classical literature.

THIS EDITION HAS BEEN REPLACED BY A NEWER EDITION