Sliding Mode Control Of Pem Fuel Cells

Sliding-mode Control of PEM Fuel Cells demonstrates the application of higher-order sliding-mode control to PEMFC dynamics showing the advantages of sliding modes. The book introduces the theory of fuel cells and sliding-mode control. It contextualises PEMFCs both in terms of their development and within the hydrogen economy and today’s energy production situation as a whole. It then discusses fuel-cell operation principles, the mathematical background of high-order sliding-mode control and to a feasibility study for the use of sliding modes in the control of an automotive fuel stack. Part II presents experimental results of sliding-mode-control application to laboratory fuel cells and deals with subsystem-based modelling, detailed design, and observability and controllability. Simulation results are contrasted with empirical data and performance, robustness and implementation issues are treated in depth. Possibilities for future research are also laid out.

This book presents recent advanced techniques in sliding mode control and observer design for industrial power systems, focusing on their applications in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and power converters. Readers will find not only valuable new fault detection and isolation techniques based on sliding mode control and observers, but also a number of robust control and estimation methodologies combined with fuzzy neural networks and extended state observer methods. The book also provides necessary experimental and simulation examples for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems and power converter systems. Given its scope, it offers a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate students, academics, scientists and engineers who are working in the field.

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, which use hydrogen as fuel, provide high power densities while operating at lower temperatures, reducing the cost of materials and maintenance. PEM fuel cells are suitable for a broad range of applications, such as stationary, combined heat and power (CHP), portable systems and automotive. Performance and degradation in PEM fuel cell-based systems is greatly influenced by the internal conditions of the fuel cell. In this doctoral thesis, an extensive study of modelling, observation and control strategies of a PEM fuel cell-based system is performed. The objective is to obtain advanced control solutions that aid to enhance the durability and improve the efficiency of fuel cells. These control solutions have to take into account the internal conditions of the fuel cell and use this information to operate the system under conditions that guarantee that the degradation rate of the fuel cell is not increased. At the same time, the controllers have to guarantee that the system achieves high efficiencies, considering the parasitic power consumption of the balance of plant (BoP) ancillaries. The observation and control solutions are evaluated using the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) profile as a case study. The first part of the thesis introduces the motivation of the present work and the structure of the document. Additionally, the current state of the research regarding modelling, state observers and control strategies for PEM fuel cell-based systems are studied in detail. After the study of the state of the art, the objectives of this doctoral work are presented. The second part of the thesis is focused on the development, implementation and study in a simulation environment of a PEM fuel cell-based system model. The model considers spatial derivatives for the fuel cell in order to represent the internal dynamic behaviour, which affects the efficiency and degradation rate of the system. In this thesis, a special attention is given to the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA). The ECSA in the cathode catalyst layer (CCL) is modelled using a twophase water model at the cathode side of the fuel cell to better represent its effect on the output voltage. The BoP ancillaries are considered as a parasitic power consumption that has to be delivered by the fuel cell. The most relevant parasitic power consumption is that of the compressor, which is modelled to include its dynamic behaviour in the control strategies. Once the model equations are presented, model-based nonlinear distributed parameters observers (NDPO) are developed in the third part of the thesis. First, the partial differential equations (PDE) of the PEM fuel cell-based system are discretised and reformulated to obtain the observation model. Using this model, two novel sliding mode control (SMC) approaches for the observation of the internal conditions of the fuel cell are presented and compared, using the NEDC current profile as the case study for the simulations. The fourth part of the thesis is devoted to model-based predictive control of the PEM fuel cell-based system. In particular, a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategy is proposed to improve the efficiency and at the same time, enhance the lifetime of the fuel cell. The use of the NDPOs in the control scheme facilitates critical information about the internal conditions of the fuel cell. This allows to design advanced control objectives that would not be achievable if using only the limited measurements that are available in PEM fuel cell-based systems. A multi-objective cost function that can prioritise between the different objectives of the controller during the optimisation procedure is designed. Finally, a discussion of the results obtained comparing different prioritisation between control objectives is provided. The fifth and last part of the thesis is devoted to extract conclusions.

This book offers a comprehensive review of renewable energy sources and optimization strategies in hybrid power systems (HPSs). It analyses the main issues and challenges in the renewable (REW) HPS field, particularly those using fuel cell (FC) systems as their main source of energy. It then offers innovative solutions to these issues, comparing them to solutions currently found in the literature. The book discusses optimization algorithms and energy management strategies. The focus is chiefly on FC net power maximization and fuel economy strategies based on global optimization. The last two chapters discuss energy harvesting from photovoltaic systems and how to mitigate energy variability in REW FC HPS. The main content is supplemented by numerous examples and simulations. Academics, students and practitioners in relevant industrial branches interested in REW HPS finds it of considerable interest, as a reference book or for building their own HPSs based on the examples provided.

This book features the latest theoretical results and techniques in the field of guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) of vehicles and aircraft. It covers a range of topics, including, but not limited to, intelligent computing communication and control; new methods of navigation, estimation, and tracking; control of multiple moving objects; manned and autonomous unmanned systems; guidance, navigation, and control of miniature aircraft; and sensor systems for guidance, navigation, and control. Presenting recent advances in the form of illustrations, tables, and text, it also provides detailed information of a number of the studies, to offer readers insights for their own research. In addition, the book addresses fundamental concepts and studies in the development of GNC, making it a valuable resource for both beginners and researchers wanting to further their understanding of guidance, navigation, and control.

"In this work, a method for controlling a nonlinear underactuated system using augmented sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed. SMC requires inversion of the input influence matrix to derive the desired control law. In under or over actuated systems this matrix is nonsquare therefore a true inverse does not exist. The proposed control approach demonstrated in this work involves introducing a transformation matrix mapping the systems input influence matrix to a transformed system that is square and thus invertible. The proposed approach is shown to control selectable states with proper choice of the transformation matrix yielding good control performance. The methodology is applied to an underactuated nonlinear fuel cell system to show its viability in a real world application. A sliding mode controller is derived for the full nonlinear system with a switching gain accounting for modeling errors and uncertainties. Simulation results indicate the viability of the proposed control law and demonstrate the robust nature of the control law in the presence of significant modeling errors while maintaining tracking stability. Finally, the augmented SMC is compared to a traditional linear control architecture illustrating the effectiveness and advantages in tracking performance and control effort over traditional methods."--Abstract.

This book provides a comprehensive study of multi-stage and multi-time scale design of feedback controllers for linear dynamic systems. It examines different types of controllers as can be designed for different parts of the system (subsystems) using corresponding feedback gains obtained by performing calculations (design) only with subsystem (reduced-order) matrices.The advantages of the multi-stage/multi-time scale design are presented and conditions for implementation of these controllers are established. Complete derivations and corresponding design techniques are presented for two-stage/two-time-scale, three-stage/three-time scale, and four-stage/four-time-scale systems. The techniques developed have potential applications to a large number of real physical systems. The design techniques are demonstrated on examples of mathematical models of fuel cells, especially the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

The book presents the newest results of the major world research groups working in the area of Variable Structure Systems and Sliding Mode Control (VSS/SMC). The research activity of these groups is coordinated by the IEEE Technical Committee on Variable Structure Systems (VSS) and Sliding Modes (SM). The presented results include the reports of the research groups collaborating in a framework of the Unión European Union – México project of Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICyT) 93302 titled "Automatization and Monitoring of Energy Production Processes via Sliding Mode Control". The book starts with the overview of the sliding mode control concepts and algorithms that were developed and discussed in the last two decades The research papers are combined in three sections: Part I: VSS and SM Algorithms and their Analysis Part II: SMC Design Part III: Applications of VSS and SMC The book will be of interests of engineers, researchers and graduate students working in the area of the control systems design. Novel mathematical theories and engineering concepts of control systems are rigorously discussed and supported by numerous applications to practical tasks.

A comprehensive depository of all information relating to the scientific and technological aspects of Shale Gas and Alternative Energy Conveniently arranged by energy type including Shale Gas, Wind, Geothermal, Solar, and Hydropower Perfect first-stop reference for any scientist, engineer, or student looking for practical and applied energy information Emphasizes practical applications of existing technologies, from design and maintenance, to operating and troubleshooting of energy systems and equipment Features concise yet complete entries, making it easy for users to find the required information quickly, without the need to search through long articles

The editors of this Special Issue titled “Intelligent Control in Energy Systems” have attempted to create a book containing original technical articles addressing various elements of intelligent control in energy systems. In response to our call for papers, we received 60 submissions. Of those submissions, 27 were published and 33 were rejected. In this book, we offer the 27 accepted technical articles as well as one editorial. Authors from 15 countries (China, Netherlands, Spain, Tunisia, United Sates of America, Korea, Brazil, Egypt, Denmark, Indonesia, Oman, Canada, Algeria, Mexico, and the Czech Republic) elaborate on several aspects of intelligent control in energy systems. The book covers a broad range of topics including fuzzy PID in automotive fuel cell and MPPT tracking, neural networks for fuel cell control and dynamic optimization of energy management, adaptive control on power systems, hierarchical Petri Nets in microgrid management, model predictive control for electric vehicle battery and frequency regulation in HVAC systems, deep learning for power consumption forecasting, decision trees for wind systems, risk analysis for demand side management, finite state automata for HVAC control, robust μ-synthesis for microgrids, and neuro-fuzzy systems in energy storage.