Sex Differences In Labor Markets

The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.

Sex differences abound in labor markets. In the United States three differences in particular have attracted the most attention: the earnings gap, occupational segregation, and the greater responsibility of women for child care and housework, and consequential lower participation in the labor market.This volume brings together David Neumark's work

Women have made huge advances relative to men in the labor force, occupational status, and educational attainment, but women continue to earn less than men. While the gender pay gap has narrowed, a substantial gap remains. Sex Discrimination in the Labor Market examines sources of this pay disparity and the factors that contribute to this gap. Whether sex discrimination plays a role in the gender pay gap is a topic of considerable debate. Many researchers question the role of discrimination and attribute the residual pay gap to gender differences in preferences, especially with respect to balancing work with family responsibilities. Sex Discrimination in the Labor Market shows that sex discrimination contributes to the unexplained gender pay gap, which is consistent with high profile sex discrimination litigation suggesting continuing bias in the labor market on the basis of sex.

The problem and theoretical foundations; Data, methods, and labor market's structure; Local labor market characteristics'effects on earnings; Economic sector and dual labor market characteristics'effects on earning; Occupational labor market characteristics' and class/authority effects on earnings; Social psychological effects on earnings: social selection and earnings attainment.

Why in 2015 are there still large gender differences in economic success? This volume consists of a set of state of the art research articles to answer this question. Focus areas include educational attainment, financial risk management, bargaining power, social mobility, and intergenerational transfers in the US and abroad.

"This single, highly accessible volume explores the most current summary and synthesis of research and data from economics and the social sciences on women, men, and work in the labor market and household. Women and Men: Changing Roles in a Changing Economy. The Family as an Economic Unit. The Allocation of Time Between the Household and the Labor Market. Differences in Occupations and Earnings: Overview. Differences in Occupations and Earnings: The Human Capital Model. Differences in Occupations and Earnings: The Role of Labor Market Discrimination. Recent Developments in the Labor Market: Their Impact on Women and Men. Changing Work Roles and the Family. Policies to Balance Paid Work and Family. Gender Differences in Other Countries. Economists, Sociologists, Social Workers, Demographers, Policy Analysts, Labor Market Analysts. Also of interest to noneconomists and students who would like to learn about gender issues in the workplace and in the family but have little, if any, prior background in economics." -- Publisher.

At a time when women in industrialized countries have a stronger and more permanent presence in the labour market than ever before, why does the gender pay gap differ so greatly between countries? The contributors to this book use empirical studies of gender differences in family responsibilities and time allocation to demonstrate how such differences affect women's wages and analyse pay structures and wage mobility throughout Europe.

Occupational sex segregation is one of the most universal and salient characteristics of labor markets. It indicates the different probabilities of members of both genders to take up particular occupations, and traditionally places women at a great disadvantage. This book, first published in 1992, focuses on a comparative analysis of sex-segregated occupational categories and attempts to systematically examine their implications. Since very little is known about Israeli working women, and given the cultural differences between Israel and other, more studied industrialised nations, this book focuses on the Israeli labor market. Through the utilization of several theoretical approaches, combining economic, sociological, and social-psychological perspectives, the book analyses empirical findings concerning labor market perceptions, attitudes and behaviors.

Even though women have made substantial progress in a number of formerly male occupations, sex segregation in the workplace remains a fact of life. This volume probes pertinent questions: Why has the overall degree of sex segregation remained stable in this century? What informal barriers keep it in place? How do socialization and educational practices affect career choices and hiring patterns? How do family responsibilities affect women's work attitudes? And how effective is legislation in lessening the gap between the sexes? Amply supplemented with tables, figures, and insightful examination of trends and research, this volume is a definitive source for what is known today about sex segregation on the job.

Sex differences in labor markets are pervasive. In the United States three differences, in particular, have attracted the most attention from economists: the earnings gap between women and men; occupational segregation of women and men; and the greater responsibility of women for child care and housework, or "home production," and concomitant lower participation in market work. This essay summarizes and synthesizes the research I have done over the past 15 years on understanding these differences and assessing policy responses to them, and places this work in the context of the broader literature. Considerable progress has been made in research on non-discriminatory sources of sex differences in labor markets, the role of discrimination, and policy responses. Yet there is still a considerable lack of consensus on all three of these issues. I would argue that research emanating from the economics of the family has generated some very clever and compelling non-discriminatory explanations for sex differences in labor markets, in particular differences in wages and occupational choice. Although there is some evidence consistent with these explanations, this evidence does not rule out an important role for discrimination in generating sex differences in labor markets. I also believe that the lack of consensus regarding the existence of discrimination is partly inertial. By this I mean that the many empirical studies of discrimination using the wage regression approach, which documented a large wage gap between women and men and often attributed a sizable proportion of this gap to discrimination, are not viewed as very compelling. At the same time, the newer literature carrying out more convincing tests of discrimination - and, in my view, establishing rather compelling evidence of discrimination - is less well-known. Finally, policy responses remain contentious not only because of disputes over whether they are appropriate in principle (i.e., whether there is discrimination), but also because the cure is sometimes viewed as worse than the disease. As an example, I would conjecture that among labor economists who are quite convinced women suffer from wage discrimination, many would nonetheless not endorse comparable worth. And the conflict over affirmative action shows signs only of sharpening.