Rethinking Youth Political Socialization

The relations between macro and micro democratic political socialization agents and youth civic participation were examined to foster understanding of the changing conceptualization of youth political socialization in modern society. Extant research on youth political socialization has failed to adequately examine the effects of broader political contexts in tandem with the effects of the broader democratic schooling processes, and thus presented a limited understanding of the relationship between the broader political context and youth political socialization. Youth civic participation was examined across 21 participant-countries of the cross-sectional survey, International Civics and Citizenship Study (ICCS) 2016 using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the traditional political socialization framework that attracts more attention to the significance of the broader political context regarding its relationship to youth civic engagement. This study extends previous research by simultaneously focusing on the political socialization agents of the broader political context as well as the broader democratic schooling processes from a macro-lens while controlling for other relevant distal and proximal institutions of socialization such as, at the individual-level, adolescents' political interest, gender, age, immigration status, and number of books at home; parents' level of political interest, and education; at the school-level, urbanicity, socioeconomic status and size of the school, and lastly, at the nation-level, the GDP Per Capita (US dollar) and their relationship to youth civic engagement, measured by the participation behavior of youth in and out of schools (as opposed to or instead of civic attitudes, knowledge or skills). The results of the HLM analysis indicate that the broader political contexts, as measured by the democracy level of each country, are not significantly related to youth civic participation in and out of school when democratic schooling processes and the relevant nation-level control variable are considered in the full models. This suggests that the broader political contexts may not be as effective in the political socialization of the young person. Another key finding is regarding the significant relationships between democratic schooling processes and youth civic participation in and out of school. The results show that throughout all the models, almost all the school-level variables representing democratic schooling processes are significantly related to youth civic participation in and out of school, even after adding the main nation-level variable of interest, the democracy level, and the nation-level control variable, GDP per capita. The non-significant relation between the broader political environment and youth civic participation in and out of school and the significant relation between the broader democratic schooling processes and youth civic participation in and out of school do not reflect the traditional view of youth political socialization. In fact, these findings suggest that the traditional political socialization framework may not function in a schooled society.

Rethinking Young People's Lives Through Space and Place explores three main themes, how children navigate real and imaginary borders, how space constitutes belonging, meaning-making, and representation, and how space informs learning and identities.

This book increases the awareness of youth political agency and how it relates to adults, governments, communities, and local and global discourse. It reveals the complexity of youth’s political lives as it intersects with social identifiers such as location, gender, and political status, and interacts with neoliberal discourse embedded in media, local politics, education, and religious idioms. This book fills a gap in existing research to provide a body of literature on the political socialization and its manifestation in youth political agency. The research findings aid in understanding the abilities of youth to reason, reflect upon, articulate, and act upon their political views. This research is not only pertinent to children in Palestine, but can also be applied to children living everywhere as global discourse of oppression is not limited to a location, age or a group.

Young people grow up in varied circumstances with different priorities and perspectives. While youth does not exist as a single group we need to understand what is happening in young people's lives. Rethinking Youth challenges the conventional wisdoms surrounding the position and opportunities of young people today and provides a systematic overview of the major perspectives in youth studies. The authors demonstrate how the concept of youth involves a tension between the social significance of age, which gives young people a common status, and the significance of social divisions. Drawing upon studies from different societies, they examine debates surrounding youth and economy, youth development, youth subcultures, youth transitions and youth marginalisation. Rethinking Youth offers a provocative critique of mainstream conceptions of youth, the programs and strategies designed for 'at risk' young people, and policy development in youth affairs. It calls for greater sensitivity to the complexities of youth, and greater emphasis on democracy and equality in dealing with the problems experienced by young people in a rapidly changing world. Johanna Wyn is Director of the Youth Research Centre at the University of Melbourne. Rob White lectures in Criminology at the University of Melbourne.

Children’s participation in social movements is presented through a theoretical typology consisting of strategic participants, participants by default and active participants. This range of participation accounts for the social location of children historically and internationally, calling for their inclusion into social movement research. Children are unresearched and untheorized participants within social movement literature. Providing rich detail of children’s participation through illustrative case studies, this book presents the ideal types of participation as grounded in their social movement activity. These cross cultural, historical and contemporary case studies include, whenever possible, children’s perspective in their own words. Utilizing insights from childhood studies on agency and rights of children enhances the understanding of social movement strategies and mobilization. Following the chapters on each type of participation, suggestions are provided for rethinking existing social movement theories to acknowledge child participants. Scholars and students of social movements and childhood studies, as well as within the field of sociology will find interest in the wide range of case studies presented of children in social movements. The discussion of how social movement theory might be applied to the types of participation is meant to inspire future research and expand analysis of children’s participation in social movements.

This ground-breaking volume shows that young people largely shape their own political development, and that to understand young people's political development, we must consider their political agency. Håkan Stattin explores the findings of an extensive longitudinal study of the political socialization of young people in Sweden from the ages of 13 to 28, which shows that, contrary to popular belief, it is not parents, peers, teachers or other key adults who are the primary agents in shaping young people's political development; it is their own self-directed political interest. Given that political interest is both an input and an output, the book examines how political interest affects young people's political interactions with their parents, and why young people and their parents perceive these interactions differently. It covers key issues such as the impact of political-interest-triggering events and civil unrest, the role of school and peers, parental involvement and the path from political interest to future political and civic engagement. Launching a new field of research internationally, this volume is essential reading for researchers, students, educators, and policy developers interested in young people's political and civic attitudes, engagement, communication, core values and the emergence of intrinsic political sophistication.

Rethinking Youth Citizenship After the Age of Entitlement provides a primer for exploring hard questions about how young people understand, experience and enact their citizenship in uncertain times and about their senses of membership and belonging. It examines how familiar modes of exclusion are compounded by punitive youth policies in ways that are concealed by neoliberal discourses. It considers the role of key institutions in constructing young people's citizenship and looks at the ways in which some young people are opting out of established enactments of citizenship while creating new ones. Critically reflecting on recent scholarly interest in the geographical, relational, affective and temporal dimensions of young people's experiences of citizenship, it also reinvigorates the discussion about citizenship rights and entitlements, and what these might mean for young people. The book draws on global research and theories of citizenship but has a particular focus on Australia, which provides a unique example of a country that has fared well economically yet is mimicking the austerity measures of the United Kingdom and Europe. It concludes with an argument for a rethinking of citizenship which recognises young people's rights as citizens and the ways in which these interact with their lived experience at a time that has been characterised as 'the end of the age of entitlement'.