Production Of Polyesters For Polyurethanes At Pilot Plant Scale

Understanding variables that affect production of unsaturated polyester polyols based on dimer fatty acids Unidyme(r)14 and Unidyme(r)18 with ethylene glycol and 1,4-butane diol that were synthesized via the polycondensation reaction mechanism. We studied a fast way to determine molecular weight, which usually takes a lot of time and is not very economical and ecological. Among the experimental controlled parameters for each polyol synthesis a special attention was paid to these products viscosity, color, molecular weight, acid and hydroxyl value parameters of extremely commercial importance. The Unidyme(r)14 dimer fatty acid, having a dimer acid percentage of 94%, induces the polyols based on them to be products of relatively commercial relevance. As for the Unidyme(r) 18 dimmer fatty acid, its dimer percentage is 81,8%. Unidyme(r)18 its based polyols commercial interest is specially relevant not only when a lower cost is a relevant factor, but also when its trimmer content is important to confer non-crystallinity properties to the final end product. Also, flexible polyurethane foams were developed (1250-2000 molecular weight) polyol polyester and tested regarding oil absorption capac

Alles über die Stufenwachstums-Polymerisation - von Syntheseverfahren und Reinigungsmethoden bis zur Charakterisierung der Produkte - finden Sie in diesem Buch. - bietet einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Trends - mit historischen Informationen - erläutert die Klassifikation von Stufenwachstumspolymeren

A practical handbook rather than merely a chemistry reference, Szycher's Handbook of Polyurethanes, Second Edition offers an easy-to-follow compilation of crucial new information on polyurethane technology, which is irreplaceable in a wide range of applications. This new edition of a bestseller is an invaluable reference for technologists, marketer

Advances in Applied Microbiology

An up-to-date and two volume overview of recent developments in the field of chemocatalytic and enzymatic processes for the transformation of renewable material into essential chemicals and fuels. Experts from both academia and industry discuss catalytic processes currently under development as well as those already in commercial use for the production of bio-fuels and bio-based commodity chemicals. As such, they cover drop-in commodity chemicals and fuels, as well as bio-based monomers and polymers, such as acrylic acid, glycols, polyesters and polyolefins. In addition, they also describe reactions applied to waste and biomass valorization and integrated biorefining strategies. With its comprehensive coverage of the topic, this is an indispensable reference for chemists working in the field of catalysis, industrial chemistry, sustainable chemistry, and polymer synthesis.

Research efforts in the past decade have led to considerable advances in the concepts and methods of smart manufacturing. Smart Manufacturing: Applications and Case Studies includes information about the key applications of these new methods, as well as practitioners’ accounts of real-life applications and case studies. Written by thought leaders in the field from around the world, Smart Manufacturing: Applications and Case Studies is essential reading for graduate students, researchers, process engineers and managers. It is complemented by a companion book titled Smart Manufacturing: Concepts and Methods, which describes smart manufacturing methods in detail. Includes examples of applications of smart manufacturing in process industries Provides a thorough overview of the subject and practical examples of applications through well researched case studies Offers insights and accounts of first-hand experiences to motivate further implementations of the key concepts of smart manufacturing

Presents state-of-the-art knowledge of heterogeneous catalysts including new applications in energy and environmental fields This book focuses on emerging techniques in heterogeneous catalysis, from new methodology for catalysts design and synthesis, surface studies and operando spectroscopies, ab initio techniques, to critical catalytic systems as relevant to energy and the environment. It provides the vision of addressing the foreseeable knowledge gap unfilled by classical knowledge in the field. Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advanced Design, Characterization and Applications begins with an overview on the evolution in catalysts synthesis and introduces readers to facets engineering on catalysts; electrochemical synthesis of nanostructured catalytic thin films; and bandgap engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts. Next, it examines how we are gaining a more precise understanding of catalytic events and materials under working conditions. It covers bridging pressure gap in surface catalytic studies; tomography in catalysts design; and resolving catalyst performance at nanoscale via fluorescence microscopy. Quantum approaches to predicting molecular reactions on catalytic surfaces follows that, along with chapters on Density Functional Theory in heterogeneous catalysis; first principles simulation of electrified interfaces in electrochemistry; and high-throughput computational design of novel catalytic materials. The book also discusses embracing the energy and environmental challenges of the 21st century through heterogeneous catalysis and much more. Presents recent developments in heterogeneous catalysis with emphasis on new fundamentals and emerging techniques Offers a comprehensive look at the important aspects of heterogeneous catalysis Provides an applications-oriented, bottoms-up approach to a high-interest subject that plays a vital role in industry and is widely applied in areas related to energy and environment Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advanced Design, Characterization and Applications is an important book for catalytic chemists, materials scientists, surface chemists, physical chemists, inorganic chemists, chemical engineers, and other professionals working in the chemical industry.

The enormous production and consumption of fossil-based plastics has caused severe environmental challenges such as pollution of the ocean, increased CO2-emissions, and various health problems. Many of these concerns are intimately connected to the use of fossil fuels in the production of polymers. For this reason, there is a considerable interest to develop bio-based monomers to mitigate some of the issues connected to fossil-based plastics. However, new bio-based monomers are often expensive and need some material advantages to facilitate their market entry. In this context, we have designed several new monomers by converting bio-based molecules such as 5-chloromethylfurfural (CMF), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and vanillin into rigid diols for polyester and polyurethane synthesis. This thesis has been divided into 5 chapters describing the most important findings from each underlying project. In Chapter 1 and 2, HMF was reacted with pentaerythritol and di(trimethylolpropane) to make two rigid diols with cyclic acetal structures. The monomer made from HMF and pentaerythritol was predicted to have an exceptionally low carbon footprint according to our LCA calculations. These diols were further used to synthesize a series of polyesters and polyurethanes with increased glass transition temperatures. Polyurethane synthesis was deemed more suitable for this type of monomers, since degradation occurred at the high temperatures required for polyester synthesis. The obtained polyurethanes were used to prepare coatings and textile fibers. Furthermore, the cyclic acetal structure of the monomers enabled chemical recycling under acidic conditions. In Chapter 3, HMF was produced in a continuous process from fructose, using water and dimethylcarbonate (DMC) in a biphasic system. Both yield and conversion were excellent, demonstrating the utility of DMC for HMF synthesis. The HMF synthesized by this method was sufficiently pure for preparation of the monomers in Chapters 1 and 2 in comparable yields to commercial HMF. In Chapter 4, three rigid diols were prepared from CMF and various lignin-based monomeric aldehydes including 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and syringaldehyde. The diol made from vanillin and CMF was used to prepare a series of thermoplastic polyurethanes with increased glass transition temperatures. The polymers were then cross-linked with DielsAlder chemistry, which could be reversed at higher temperature. This may facilitate its reprocessing and recycling. In Chapter 5, two rigid monomers were produced from potentially lignin-derived phenols, and used to prepare a series of polyesters with tunable thermal properties. The polymers could potentially be chemically recycled by acid hydrolysis.