Oral Biofilms And Modern Dental Materials

This book provides an up-to-date perspective on oral biofilms and dental materials, equipping readers with a sound understanding of their mutual interactions. Experts from across the world comprehensively describe the main strategies that can be followed when designing modern bioactive and biomimetic dental materials, bearing in mind the goal of reducing the occurrence of pathological conditions such as secondary caries and peri-implantitis. The background to the book is the rapid expansion in the use of nanotechnologies and modern techniques to achieve levels of performance of dental materials that were unthinkable even a few years ago. Whereas conventionally dental materials have been regarded as inert, an important paradigm shift is underway: now, these materials are being conceived as bioactive and biomimetic. Modern dental materials can produce a response by interacting positively both with the host and with the biofilm permanently colonizing hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. These materials increasingly mimic the behavior of the tissues that they are replacing. In documenting the latest knowledge in the field, this book will be of value for both scientists in the fields of nanotechnology, biofilms and dental materials and interested clinicians.

Biofilms are highly organized polymicrobial communities that are embedded in an extracellular matrix and formed on natural and artificial surfaces. In the oral cavity, biofilms are formed not only on natural teeth, but also on restorative materials, prosthetic constructions, and dental implants. Oral diseases like caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and also pulp inflammation are associated with biofilms. This publication is an up-to-date overview on oral biofilms from different clinically relevant perspectives. Experts comprising basic researchers and clinicians report on recent research relating to biofilms - from general summaries to recommendations for daily clinical work. This book covers all aspects of oral biofilms, including models used in the laboratory, biofilms in dental water unit lines, periodontal and peri-implant biofilms, caries-related biofilms, halitosis, endodontic biofilms, and Candida infections, as well as biofilms on dental materials and on orthodontic appliances. Several chapters deal with anti-biofilm therapy, from the efficacy of mechanical methods and the use of antimicrobials, to alternative concepts. This publication is particularly recommended to dental medicine students, practitioners, other oral healthcare professionals, and scientists with an interest in translational research on biofilms.

Restorative biomaterials in dentistry are designed to restore the shape and function of teeth. Their applicability is related to restorative procedures such as dental restorations, dentures, dental implants, and endodontic materials. Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry reviews the current state of the art for restorative biomaterials and discusses the near-future trends in this field. The book examines the biomaterials utilized in restorative dental applications (bonding, composites, cements, and ceramics) and assesses the design for these materials and the role of nanotechnology. All of the contributors are active clinical dentists and researchers in this field. FEATURES Overviews the major ongoing research efforts on developing bioactive bonding systems and composites in dental biomaterials Focuses on emerging trends in restorative dental biomaterials Incorporates evidence-based data on new restorative dental materials throughout the book Features extensive references at the end of each chapter to enhance further study Mary Anne S. Melo, DDS, MSc, PhD FADM, is an Associate Professor and Division Director of Operative Dentistry at the School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.

Ketogenic: The Science of Therapeutic Carbohydrate Restriction in Human Health presents the most up-to-date and evidence-based science and research available in the field of TCR, with the purpose of training medical and allied healthcare professionals on the effective therapeutic use of low-carbohydrate and ketogenic nutrition in clinical practice. This book explores the appropriate, safe, and effective use of TCR to improve patient outcomes in a broad range of chronic metabolic conditions and aims to promote health. Focused on lifestyle management, health support and the treatment of diseases rooted in poor nutrition, this book explores the role of food and lifestyle modification as medicine and is a valuable resource for nutritionists, dietitians and medical professionals who provide diet-related counselling, as well as those researching or studying related areas. Presents new best-practice guidelines for using TCR to treat, improve or reverse nutrition-related metabolic conditions and diseases that were previously thought to have a chronic, irreversible progression Provides an overview of the most recent evidence outlining the biochemistry and physiology pertaining to human nutrition and health Offers evolutionary and historical context to human nutrition Contains clinical practice guidelines for the implementation of TCR from medical practitioners who prescribe TCR in their practices, allowing readers to understand real-life concerns in the field Features case studies that provide practical examples of how to assess, monitor and intervene with patients that practitioners encounter in their practices Explains the physiology and biochemistry of the normal and pathophysiological state for each condition and links these to the application of TCR

Dental plaque represents a classic example of both a biofilm and a microbial community, in that it displays emergent properties, i.e. plaque displays properties that are more than the sum of its constituent members. The view of plaque and its constituent microorganisms have shifted from specific plaque hypothesis to a non-specific plaque hypothesis and back again to a theory of specific periodontal pathogens in plaque. Recently dental researchers have begun to view plaque as a biofilm. Oral biofilms are very heterogeneous in structure. Dense mushroom-like structures originate from the enamel surface, interspersed with bacteria-free channels used as diffusion pathways. The channels are probably filled with an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix produced by the bacteria. The bacteria engage in both cooperative and competitive interactions. In order to break down complicated host macromolecules and extract nutrition, bacteria combine their metabolic efforts. A variety of diffusible chemicals are used in cell-cell signaling, which helps the microbial community's members coordinate their gene expression. Bacteria in biofilms use a system known as "quorum-sensing" to optimize their virulence factors and survival. Dental biofilm pathogenicity in the oral cavity is magnified by two biofilm characteristics: increased antibiotic resistance and the inability of the community to be phagocytized by host inflammatory cells. The key characteristics of biofilm that could be targets for pathogen management include its behavior as an adhesive mass with viscoelastic properties, its activity as a coordinated multi species community in which cells communicate via small molecules, and its inflammatory disease potential. To understand the mechanism of change from health to disease and their interaction with the host's reactions, more in-depth information of the metabolic activities controlling and governing biological processes at the species-species level is now required. An improved understanding of biofilm will lead to new strategies for management of oral diseases. In the near future, it is expected that the correlation between biofilm maturation and activation of specific genes of the inner microorganisms will be clarified at the molecular level.

The oral cavity supports a rich and diverse microbial population. Oral health is dependent on the maintenance of stable microbial communities; disease occurs when this balance is disturbed and more pathogenic species outgrow the commensals. Health and disease in the mouth are active processes in which the ecology of communities, not of single organisms, is paramount. In this book, expert contributors from around the world provide an update on recent developments in the burgeoning field of oral microbial ecology. The chapters are arranged into five sections: microbial populations in oral biofilms, the structure of oral biofilms, communication and sensing within biofilms, health to disease, and new approaches for oral biofilm control. The various topics include: population biology * detection and culture of novel oral bacteria * bacterial catabolism of salivary substrates * structural organization of oral biofilms * the extracellular polysaccharides matrix * extracellular proteins and DNA in the matrix * a holistic view of inter-species bacterial interactions * environmental sensory perception * microbial community interactions of Streptococcus mutans * biofilms in periodontal health and disease * oral biofilms as a reservoir for pathogens * oral biofilms as a device for therapeutic agents * probiotics in oral healthcare. The book is an essential text for scientists interested in oral microbiology, bacterial communities, and biofilms. It is also recommended reading for anyone working in the areas of oral health, the pathogenesis of dental caries, and periodontal disease.

This comprehensive review brings together research by biomaterials experts in various fields of dentistry, including oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry. Through the presentation of evidence derived exclusively from in vivo studies, the mechanisms governing the aging of materials placed in the oral cavity are clarified and selective aspects of the in vivo performance of materials demonstrated.

The potential of modern bioenergy to supplement traditional fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions has put it front and center in the plan to replace conventional fossil-based fuels with renewables. While much has been written about biomass supply chains, conversion technologies, or techno-economic analysis of different biofuel production pathways, little attention has been paid to the role that bioenergy production and consumption will have in sustainable development. What are the synergies and trade-offs between bioenergy use and the UN Sustainable Development Goals? In order to minimize the potential risks, we need to understand interdisciplinary dimensions such as government policies, financing schemes, stakeholders’ engagement, and inter-sectoral linkages while devising sustainable bioenergy strategies. Innovation in the transition towards modern bioenergy systems will only be possible if we consider a participatory approach, people's behavior, and societal needs. “Assessing the Modern Bioenergy Potential and Strategies for Sustainable Development” presents a clear illustration of the challenges involved, as well as possible solutions, in the drive towards using modern bioenergy and strategies for sustainable development.

The new edition of this highly successful book continues to offer readers everything they require to gain a full understanding of microbiology as it relates to modern dental practice. Clearly written and in full colour throughout, the book uniquely divides the subject of microbiology into six discrete sections to relate the many aspects of microbiology for dental practice in a logical, easy-to-understand manner. The first part of the book covers the principles of general microbiology and is followed by a clear and straightforward account of basic immunology. The volume then addresses mechanisms of disease, concentrating clearly on the micro-organisms that are relevant to the dentist. The major infections of each organ system are discussed as they relate to dental practice together with a detailed exploration of oral microbiology. The book finally concludes with a practical discussion of cross-infection and control. The rich combination of easy-to-read text together with the extensive artwork programme continues to make Essential Microbiology for Dentistry the first choice of microbiology textbook for many students of dentistry worldwide. Comprehensive coverage of the subject area makes the book suitable for all aspects of the curriculum Almost 300 tables and illustrations present clinical, diagnostic and practical information in an easy-to-follow manner Contains ‘Key Facts’ boxes to act as useful aide-mémoires Self-assessment sections at the end of each chapter allow students to assess their understanding in key areas of knowledge Addresses the subject on a strictly ‘need-to-know for the dentist’ approach [e.g. only salient bacteria are included with thumbnail sketches of viruses and fungi] Contains a detailed - and now expanded - glossary and abbreviations list Contains the latest organism nomenclature and information regarding unculturable bacteria and novel molecular technology Includes a highly expanded section on oral biofilms and their relevance to systemic disease such as heart disease, diabetes, adverse pregnancy outcomes and nosocomial pneumonia Contains a brand new section on oral immunology – prepared by guest authors – as relevant to dentistry Contains a new section on the microbiology of perimplantitis Presents a fully revised and expanded section on infection control in dentistry encompassing British and American guidelines