National Academy Press Water Chemicals Codex

The Food Chemicals Codex is the accepted standard for defining the quality and purity of food chemicals. It is frequently referenced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and international food regulatory authorities. This First Supplement to the Fifth Edition provides revisions and updates, and reports on changes in tests, monographs, and assays to the Fifth Edition. This supplement features initial information that will benefit producers and users of food chemicals, including processed food manufacturers, food technologists, quality control chemists, research investigators, teachers, students, and those involved in the technical aspects of food safety.

The fourth edition of the Food Chemicals Codex is the culmination of efforts of the many members, past and present, of the Committee on Food Chemicals Codes (FCC). The current committee, formed in the fall of 1992 at the request of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, has brought all these efforts to fruition with this edition.

This volume describes the methods used in the surveillance of drinking water quality in the light of the special problems of small-community supplies, particularly in developing countries, and outlines the strategies necessary to ensure that surveillance is effective.

Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.