Nanoarmoring Of Enzymes Rational Design Of Polymer Wrapped Enzymes

Nanoarmoring of Enzymes: Rational Design of Polymer-Wrapped Enzymes, Volume 590 is the latest volume in the Methods in Enzymology series that focuses on nanoarmoring of enzymes and the rational design of polymer-wrapped enzymes. This new volume presents the most updated information on a variety of topics, including specific chapters on Encapsulating Proteins in Nanoparticles: Batch by Batch or One by One, Enzyme Adsorption on Nanoparticle Surfaces Probed by Highly Sensitive Second Harmonic Light Scattering, Armoring Enzymes by Metal–Organic Frameworks by the Coprecipitation Method, and Enzyme Armoring by an Organosilica Layer: Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nanobiocatalysts. Users will find this to be an all-encompassing resource on nanoarmoring in enzymes. Focuses on the nanoarmoring of enzymes Covers the rational design of polymer-wrapped enzymes Includes contributions from leading authorities working in enzymology Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field of enzymology

This major textbook on real analysis is now available in a corrected and slightly amended reprint. It covers the basic theory of integration in a clear, well-organized manner using an imaginative and highly practical synthesis of the 'Daniell method' and the measure-theoretic approach. It is the ideal text for senior undergraduate and first-year graduate courses in real analysis, assuming student familiarity with advanced calculus and basic algebraic concepts.

Rational Design of Enzyme-Nanomaterials, the new volume in the Methods in Enzymology series, continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. This volume covers research methods in rational design of enzyme-nanomaterials, and includes sections on such topics as conjugation of enzymes and dextran-aldehyde polymers, improved activity of enzymes bound to titanate nanosheet, nano-layered 'stable-on-the-table' biocatalysts and nanoparticle-based enzyme sensors. Continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field Covers research methods in rational design of enzyme-nanomaterials Contains sections on such topics as conjugation of enzymes and dextran-aldehyde polymers, improved activity of enzymes bound to titanate nanosheet, nano-layered 'stable-on-the-table' biocatalysts, and nanoparticle-based enzyme sensors

Enzymes have interesting applications in our biological system and act as valuable biocatalysts. Their various functions allow enzymes to develop new drugs, detoxifications, and pharmaceutical chemistry. Research Advancements in Pharmaceutical, Nutritional, and Industrial Enzymology provides emerging research on biosynthesis, enzymatic treatments, and bioengineering of medicinal waste. While highlighting issues such as structural implications for drug development and food applications, this publication explores information on various applications of enzymes in pharmaceutical, nutritional, and industrial aspects. This book is a valuable resource for medical professionals, pharmacists, pharmaceutical companies, researchers, academics, and upper-level students seeking current information on developing scientific ideas for new drugs and other enzymatic advancements.

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites This book presents an extensive discussion on fundamental chemistry, classifications, structure, unique properties, and applications of various 2D nanomaterials. The advent of graphene in 2004 has brought tremendous attention to two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Lately, this has prompted researchers to explore new 2D nanomaterials for cutting-edge research in diverse fields. Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) represent a fascinating group of novel materials that exhibit intriguing properties. The unique combination of polymer and nanomaterial not only overcomes the limitations of polymer matrices, but also changes their structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties thereby broadening their application potential. The book, comprising 22 chapters, provides a unique and detailed study of the process involved in the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials, modification strategies of 2D nanomaterials, and numerous applications of 2D nanomaterials-based polymer nanocomposites. The book also emphasizes the existing challenges in the functionalization and exfoliation of 2D nanomaterials as well as the chemical, structural, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and biological properties of 2D nanomaterials-based polymer nanocomposites. The key features of this book are: Provides fundamental information and a clear understanding of synthesis, processing methods, structure and physicochemical properties of 2D materials-based polymer nanocomposites; Presents a comprehensive review of several recent accomplishments and key scientific and technological challenges in developing 2D materials-based polymer nanocomposites; Explores various processing and fabrication methods and emerging applications of 2D materials-based polymer nanocomposites. Audience Engineers and polymer scientists in the electrical, coatings, and biomedical industries will find this book very useful. Advanced students in materials science and polymer science will find it a fount of information.

The text focuses on the basic issues and also the literature of the past decade. The book provides a broad overview of functional synthetic polymers. Special issues in the text are: Surface functionalization supramolecular polymers, shape memory polymers, foldable polymers, functionalized biopolymers, supercapacitors, photovoltaic issues, lithography, cleaning methods, such as recovery of gold ions olefin/paraffin, separation by polymeric membranes, ultrafiltration membranes, and other related topics.

Enzymes are a class of macromolecules that can catalyze a wide range of chemical reactions. Enzymes are critical in the function of complex biological processes and more recently, industrial processes that result in high-value products and services. Their large and complex structure, when compared to small molecules, allows for unique chemistries to occur, due to highly specific binding of substrates within the reaction site and subsequent conversion to products with high regio- and/or chemo-selectivity. However, the environment in which enzymes execute their function must be tailored to ensure preservation of protein structure and easy access to substrates. For therapeutic drug delivery, toxic side-effects such as protease recognition and development of neutralizing antibodies can occur when administrating a therapeutic enzyme in free form; hence, their targeted delivery is necessary to ensure high patient compliance and to reduce healthcare costs associated with medical care. Polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) can potentially address issues observed in enzymatic drug delivery due to their high surface area, ability to encapsulate a wide range of proteins, and ability to tailor the nanocarrier surface to minimize non-specific interactions. Nevertheless, ensuring high enzymatic loading while preserving protein activity when formulating protein-loaded PNPs remains a difficult task, due to a poor understanding of molecular-level mechanisms that allow for high encapsulation efficiencies and desirable PNP characteristics such as monodispersity, near neutral surface charge, and small size. To aid in the rational design of enzyme-loaded PNPs, Molecular Dynamics provides a way to probe key interactions, in atomistic detail, that are present at many points during nanoparticle formulation, resulting in better methodologies for making highly effective nanocarriers. In this dissertation, I elucidated structure and dynamics of the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)–polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) copolymer and its homopolymer constituents in solvents commonly used to form core-shell PNPs, resulting in key insights that are necessary to control polymer chain rigidity and shape. Next, I examined the role of polymer extension on protein-polymer interactions prior to and during formation of PLGA-PEG nanoparticles, to better understand how the choice of solvent could impact enzymatic loading. Lastly, I employed hydrophobic-ion pairing to reduce the hydrophilic nature of catalase to drive increased encapsulation within PLGA-PEG nanoparticles. This work demonstrates the advantages of using both computational and experimental tools to develop and rationally design enzyme-loaded PNPs.

This dissertation focuses on the development of a simple, efficient, and versatile method for enzyme stabilization and extends it into a universal approach for stabilization of enzymes on solid porous supports such as cellulose so that they can be used to produce novel enzyme biomaterials for advanced biocatalysis and biosensing applications. The novelty of this work is in the development of a universal and simple method for the stabilization of any enzyme, which is currently not available. Many enzyme conjugation methods are either enzyme-specific, or they require complex chemistries that significantly inactivate the enzyme. Enzymes were first conjugated to the polymer poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Carbodiimide chemistry was used for all crosslinking purposes, where the primary amines from enzymes were conjugated to carboxylic acids on PAA. The PAA armors the enzyme and restricts the conformational entropy of the enzyme's structure, thus making it difficult for the enzyme to denature or become inactivated by proteases and inhibitors. The studies provide a powerful tool for the development of novel enzyme-PAA based conjugates with enhanced stability. We also developed a simple and inexpensive method for the immobilization of enzymes in filter paper. We crosslinked enzyme with PAA in filter paper, and found that the enzyme-polymer conjugate forms around the fibers of the paper. The resulting enzyme-PAA conjugate remained 'locked-in' place, and the enzymes were not washed off when immersed in a solution. Additionally, these enzymes were protected by the PAA, thus providing a useful tool for the development of stable paper-based enzyme devices for use at room temperature, which can be washed with full recovery of enzyme. We also designed an approach with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an alternative to PAA, interlocking it with enzymes in a one-pot two-layer approach. In our design, BSA passivates the surface of cellulose, while at the same time providing attachment groups for subsequent chemical modification in a second layer. Thus, this one-pot two-layer method provides enzymes with enhanced stability, increased recyclability, and high retention in activity. These approaches provide powerful tools for creating novel enzyme-based paper devices that require enhanced stability at room temperature.