Nanoarmoring Of Enzymes In Ordinary Paper

This dissertation focuses on the development of a simple, efficient, and versatile method for enzyme stabilization and extends it into a universal approach for stabilization of enzymes on solid porous supports such as cellulose so that they can be used to produce novel enzyme biomaterials for advanced biocatalysis and biosensing applications. The novelty of this work is in the development of a universal and simple method for the stabilization of any enzyme, which is currently not available. Many enzyme conjugation methods are either enzyme-specific, or they require complex chemistries that significantly inactivate the enzyme. Enzymes were first conjugated to the polymer poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Carbodiimide chemistry was used for all crosslinking purposes, where the primary amines from enzymes were conjugated to carboxylic acids on PAA. The PAA armors the enzyme and restricts the conformational entropy of the enzyme's structure, thus making it difficult for the enzyme to denature or become inactivated by proteases and inhibitors. The studies provide a powerful tool for the development of novel enzyme-PAA based conjugates with enhanced stability. We also developed a simple and inexpensive method for the immobilization of enzymes in filter paper. We crosslinked enzyme with PAA in filter paper, and found that the enzyme-polymer conjugate forms around the fibers of the paper. The resulting enzyme-PAA conjugate remained 'locked-in' place, and the enzymes were not washed off when immersed in a solution. Additionally, these enzymes were protected by the PAA, thus providing a useful tool for the development of stable paper-based enzyme devices for use at room temperature, which can be washed with full recovery of enzyme. We also designed an approach with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an alternative to PAA, interlocking it with enzymes in a one-pot two-layer approach. In our design, BSA passivates the surface of cellulose, while at the same time providing attachment groups for subsequent chemical modification in a second layer. Thus, this one-pot two-layer method provides enzymes with enhanced stability, increased recyclability, and high retention in activity. These approaches provide powerful tools for creating novel enzyme-based paper devices that require enhanced stability at room temperature.

Nanoarmoring of Enzymes: Rational Design of Polymer-Wrapped Enzymes, Volume 590 is the latest volume in the Methods in Enzymology series that focuses on nanoarmoring of enzymes and the rational design of polymer-wrapped enzymes. This new volume presents the most updated information on a variety of topics, including specific chapters on Encapsulating Proteins in Nanoparticles: Batch by Batch or One by One, Enzyme Adsorption on Nanoparticle Surfaces Probed by Highly Sensitive Second Harmonic Light Scattering, Armoring Enzymes by Metal–Organic Frameworks by the Coprecipitation Method, and Enzyme Armoring by an Organosilica Layer: Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nanobiocatalysts. Users will find this to be an all-encompassing resource on nanoarmoring in enzymes. Focuses on the nanoarmoring of enzymes Covers the rational design of polymer-wrapped enzymes Includes contributions from leading authorities working in enzymology Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field of enzymology

Nanoarchitectures Built with Carbon Nanotubes and Magnetic Nanoparticles, Volume 630, the latest volume in the Methods in Enzymology series, continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. New chapters in this volume include updates from well-known, established leaders. Contains the authority of authors who are leaders in their field Provides a comprehensive source on new methods and research in enzymology

NanoArmored Enzymes for High Temperature Biocatalysis provides insight on the central theme of entropy minimization for the stabilization of enzymes using linear synthetic polymers. The book describes methods for the conversion of ordinary enzymes into those that can withstand organic solvents, extreme pHs and higher temperatures. Many books written about enzyme stabilization employ a variety of hit-or-miss approaches, but rational approaches based on molecular engineering were never explored. This book addresses missing links in the field of enzyme catalysis at high temperature by exploiting the polymer encapsulation of enzymes based on a solid foundation of physical chemistry principles. Provides detailed explanations of the significance of enzymes in industry and academia Explains the limitation of enzymes under non-ambient and challenging conditions Includes synthesis of molecularly-engineered enzyme-polymer nanogels Includes applications of enzyme-polymer nanogels in biofuel cells and sensing applications Summarizes how the molecular engineering strategy led to solving critical problems in industrial biocatalysis

This book is the first book in English on nanotechnology and nanomaterials integrating with enzymatic systems, with a focus on nanoparticles and biological applications. It covers comprehensively the relevant topics to understand the development of enzyme nanoparticles as it relates to the complicated structures of enzyme nanoparticles and their functionalization and immobilization on to various supports. The preparation of enzyme nanoparticles, their kinetic properties and applications after immobilization of the immobilized enzyme nanoparticles is described. The use of colour images in all formats of the book will improve the understanding of the topics covered. The book offers an integration of Enzymology and Nanotechnology and provides the latest information on preparation of enzyme nanoparticles, their characterization, their functionalization and immobilization on to various supports and thereafter their kinetic properties and applications in various industries with special reference to Biosensor Technology. Focus on enzyme nanotechnology, given the wide appeal of enzymes for diagnostics, therapy and biocatalysis Provision of a general background to the topic, but also a detailed description of synthesis, preparation and applications

Nanoarchitectures Built with Carbon Nanotubes and Magnetic Nanoparticles, Volume 630, the latest volume in the Methods in Enzymology series, continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. New chapters in this volume include updates from well-known, established leaders. Contains the authority of authors who are leaders in their field Provides a comprehensive source on new methods and research in enzymology

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Immobilized Biocatalysts" that was published in Catalysts

This new volume of Methods in Enzymology continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Methods in Enzymology series

Enzymes Conjugated to Graphene, Volume 609 in the Methods in Enzymology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on Enzyme immobilization, Detection of Urea, Enzyme immobilization Enzyme immobilization, PAMAM dendrimer modified reduced graphene oxide post functionalized by horseradish peroxidase for biosensing H2O2, HRP immobilized for LEV detection, Enzyme immobilization, Graphene biocatalysts, Enzyme immobilization, Interactions, Enzyme immobilization, GQD, Enzyme Immobilization, and Enzyme immobilization on functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Methods of Enzymology series Updated release includes the latest information on the enzymes conjugated to graphene