Modeling The Performance And Cost Of Lithium Ion Batteries For Electric Drive Vehicles

This report details the Battery Performance and Cost model (BatPaC) developed at Argonne National Laboratory for lithium-ion battery packs used in automotive transportation. The model designs the battery for a specified power, energy, and type of vehicle battery. The cost of the designed battery is then calculated by accounting for every step in the lithium-ion battery manufacturing process. The assumed annual production level directly affects each process step. The total cost to the original equipment manufacturer calculated by the model includes the materials, manufacturing, and warranty costs for a battery produced in the year 2020 (in 2010 US$). At the time this report is written, this calculation is the only publicly available model that performs a bottom-up lithium-ion battery design and cost calculation. Both the model and the report have been publicly peer-reviewed by battery experts assembled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report and accompanying model include changes made in response to the comments received during the peer-review. The purpose of the report is to document the equations and assumptions from which the model has been created. A user of the model will be able to recreate the calculations and perhaps more importantly, understand the driving forces for the results. Instructions for use and an illustration of model results are also presented. Almost every variable in the calculation may be changed by the user to represent a system different from the default values pre-entered into the program. The distinct advantage of using a bottom-up cost and design model is that the entire power-to-energy space may be traversed to examine the correlation between performance and cost. The BatPaC model accounts for the physical limitations of the electrochemical processes within the battery. Thus, unrealistic designs are penalized in energy density and cost, unlike cost models based on linear extrapolations. Additionally, the consequences on cost and energy density from changes in cell capacity, parallel cell groups, and manufacturing capabilities are easily assessed with the model. New proposed materials may also be examined to translate bench-scale values to the design of full-scale battery packs providing realistic energy densities and prices to the original equipment manufacturer.

A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Covers the timely topic of battery management systems for lithium batteries. After introducing the problem and basic background theory, it discusses battery modeling and state estimation. In addition to theoretical modeling it also contains practical information on charging and discharging control technology, cell equalisation and application to electric vehicles, and a discussion of the key technologies and research methods of the lithium-ion power battery management system. The author systematically expounds the theory knowledge included in the lithium-ion battery management systems and its practical application in electric vehicles, describing the theoretical connotation and practical application of the battery management systems. Selected graphics in the book are directly derived from the real vehicle tests. Through comparative analysis of the different system structures and different graphic symbols, related concepts are clear and the understanding of the battery management systems is enhanced. Contents include: key technologies and the difficulty point of vehicle power battery management system; lithium-ion battery performance modeling and simulation; the estimation theory and methods of the lithium-ion battery state of charge, state of energy, state of health and peak power; lithium-ion battery charge and discharge control technology; consistent evaluation and equalization techniques of the battery pack; battery management system design and application in electric vehicles. A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Using simulation technology, schematic diagrams and case studies, the basic concepts are described clearly and offer detailed analysis of battery charge and discharge control principles Equips the reader with the understanding and concept of the power battery, providing a clear cognition of the application and management of lithium ion batteries in electric vehicles Arms audiences with lots of case studies Essential reading for Researchers and professionals working in energy technologies, utility planners and system engineers.

This report details the Battery Performance and Cost model (BatPaC) developed at Argonne National Laboratory for lithium-ion battery packs used in automotive transportation. The model designs the battery for a specified power, energy, and type of vehicle battery. The cost of the designed battery is then calculated by accounting for every step in the lithium-ion battery manufacturing process. The assumed annual production level directly affects each process step. The total cost to the original equipment manufacturer calculated by the model includes the materials, manufacturing, and warranty costs for a battery produced in the year 2020 (in 2010 US$). At the time this report is written, this calculation is the only publically available model that performs a bottom-up lithium-ion battery design and cost calculation. Both the model and the report have been publically peer-reviewed by battery experts assembled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report and accompanying model include changes made in response to the comments received during the peer-review. The purpose of the report is to document the equations and assumptions from which the model has been created. A user of the model will be able to recreate the calculations and perhaps more importantly, understand the driving forces for the results. Instructions for use and an illustration of model results are also presented. Almost every variable in the calculation may be changed by the user to represent a system different from the default values pre-entered into the program. The distinct advantage of using a bottom-up cost and design model is that the entire power-to-energy space may be traversed to examine the correlation between performance and cost. The BatPaC model accounts for the physical limitations of the electrochemical processes within the battery. Thus, unrealistic designs are penalized in energy density and cost, unlike cost models based on linear extrapolations. Additionally, the consequences on cost and energy density from changes in cell capacity, parallel cell groups, and manufacturing capabilities are easily assessed with the model. New proposed materials may also be examined to translate bench-scale values to the design of full-scale battery packs providing realistic energy densities and prices to the original equipment manufacturer. The model will be openly distributed to the public in the year 2011. Currently, the calculations are based in a Microsoft{reg_sign} Office Excel spreadsheet. Instructions are provided for use; however, the format is admittedly not user-friendly. A parallel development effort has created an alternate version based on a graphical user-interface that will be more intuitive to some users. The version that is more user-friendly should allow for wider adoption of the model.

This research focuses on the technical issues that are critical to the adoption of high-energy-producing lithium Ion batteries. In addition to high energy density / high power density, this publication considers performance requirements that are necessary to assure lithium ion technology as the battery format of choice for electrified vehicles. Presentation of prime topics includes: • Long calendar life (greater than 10 years) • Sufficient cycle life • Reliable operation under hot and cold temperatures • Safe performance under extreme conditions • End-of-life recycling To achieve aggressive fuel economy standards, carmakers are developing technologies to reduce fuel consumption, including hybridization and electrification. Cost and affordability factors will be determined by these relevant technical issues which will provide for the successful implementation of lithium ion batteries for application in future generations of electrified vehicles.

A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Covers the timely topic of battery management systems for lithium batteries. After introducing the problem and basic background theory, it discusses battery modeling and state estimation. In addition to theoretical modeling it also contains practical information on charging and discharging control technology, cell equalisation and application to electric vehicles, and a discussion of the key technologies and research methods of the lithium-ion power battery management system. The author systematically expounds the theory knowledge included in the lithium-ion battery management systems and its practical application in electric vehicles, describing the theoretical connotation and practical application of the battery management systems. Selected graphics in the book are directly derived from the real vehicle tests. Through comparative analysis of the different system structures and different graphic symbols, related concepts are clear and the understanding of the battery management systems is enhanced. Contents include : key technologies and the difficulty point of vehicle power battery management system; lithium-ion battery performance modeling and simulation; the estimation theory and methods of the lithium-ion battery state of charge, state of energy, state of health and peak power; lithium-ion battery charge and discharge control technology; consistent evaluation and equalization techniques of the battery pack; battery management system design and application in electric vehicles. A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Using simulation technology, schematic diagrams and case studies, the basic concepts are described clearly and offer detailed analysis of battery charge and discharge control principles Equips the reader with the understanding and concept of the power battery, providing a clear cognition of the application and management of lithium ion batteries in electric vehicles Arms audiences with lots of case studies Essential reading for Researchers and professionals working in energy technologies, utility planners and system engineers.

This book focuses on the thermal management technology of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles. It introduces the charging and discharging temperature characteristics of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles, the method for modeling heat generation of lithium-ion batteries, experimental research and simulation on air-cooled and liquid-cooled heat dissipation of lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion battery heating method based on PTC and wide-line metal film, self-heating using sinusoidal alternating current. This book is mainly for practitioners in the new energy vehicle industry, and it is suitable for reading and reference by researchers and engineering technicians in related fields such as new energy vehicles, thermal management and batteries. It can also be used as a reference book for undergraduates and graduate students in energy and power, electric vehicles, batteries and other related majors.

This book surveys state-of-the-art research on and developments in lithium-ion batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles. It summarizes their features in terms of performance, cost, service life, management, charging facilities, and safety. Vehicle electrification is now commonly accepted as a means of reducing fossil-fuels consumption and air pollution. At present, every electric vehicle on the road is powered by a lithium-ion battery. Currently, batteries based on lithium-ion technology are ranked first in terms of performance, reliability and safety. Though other systems, e.g., metal-air, lithium-sulphur, solid state, and aluminium-ion, are now being investigated, the lithium-ion system is likely to dominate for at least the next decade – which is why several manufacturers, e.g., Toyota, Nissan and Tesla, are chiefly focusing on this technology. Providing comprehensive information on lithium-ion batteries, the book includes contributions by the world’s leading experts on Li-ion batteries and vehicles.