Measuring Oxidants And Oxidative Stress In Biological Systems

This book describes the methods of analysis and determination of oxidants and oxidative stress in biological systems. Reviews and protocols on select methods of analysis of ROS, RNS, oxygen, redox status, and oxidative stress in biological systems are described in detail. It is an essential resource for both novices and experts in the field of oxidant and oxidative stress biology.

In addition, several assays are provided to assess the chemical damage induced by reactive oxygen species in critical cellular-targets in vitro and in humans in vivo.

Oxidative Stress is intended as an in-depth account of knowledge and problems in the field of oxygen-related damage in biological systems. The topics range from an assessment of molecular events in in vitro model systems to complex problems in clinical medicine. Organized into two parts with a total of 18 chapters, this book begins with an introduction to oxidative stress, elucidating specific topics on reactive oxygen species, detoxification system, and nature of oxidative damage. The first part focuses on models used with cells and tissues in the study of oxidative stress, whereas the second part describes the processes elicited by oxidative stress.

This work offers an analysis of the biological processes mediated by free radicals, from a toxicological point of view, providing easy access to information in an integrated, coherent presentation. The chemistry and biochemistry of all principal types of radical are explained, and the multiple forms in whch radicals participate in living organisms are investigated.;This work should be of use to biochemists, pharmacologists, pharmaceutical researchers, food scientists and technologists, nutritionists, toxicologists, chemists, biologists and graduate students in these disciplines.

Oxidative Stress and Biomaterials provides readers with the latest information on biomaterials and the oxidative stress that can pose an especially troubling challenge to their biocompatibility, especially given the fact that, at the cellular level, the tissue environment is a harsh landscape of precipitating proteins, infiltrating leukocytes, released oxidants, and fluctuations of pH which, even with the slightest shift in stasis, can induce a perpetual state of chronic inflammation. No material is 100% non-inflammatory, non-toxic, non-teratogenic, non-carcinogenic, non-thrombogenic, and non-immunogenic in all biological settings and situations. In this embattled terrain, the most we can hope for from the biomaterials we design is a type of “meso-compatibility, a material which can remain functional and benign for as long as required without succumbing to this cellular onslaught and inducing a local inflammatory reaction. Explores the challenges of designing and using biomaterials in order to minimize oxidative stress, reducing patterns of chronic inflammation and cell death Brings together the two fields of biomaterials and the biology of oxidative stress Provides approaches for the design of biomaterials with improved biocompatibility

This book discusses the importance of oxidative stress, related biomarkers, and its diagnostic methods including bio-analytical and advanced detection systems. Oxidative stress is associated with diminished capacity of a biological system to overcome the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Since oxidative stress has been suggested as a causative factor in many diseases, its prevention is vital, and there is an urgent need for oxidative stress monitoring using in vitro and in vivo models. Interdisciplinary approaches have lead to the development of various oxidative stress monitoring models for real-world clinical and biomedical applications. The development of such methods requires a broad understanding of biology, chemistry, molecular biology, immunology and microbiology. As such, the book is a valuable resource for students, researchers and clinicians interested in the fundamental as well as applied aspects of oxidative stress associated diseases.

This cutting-edge and updated book offers methods for the rapid detection of RONs and redox stress. It includes in-depth analysis of natural and synthetic antioxidants, and also of DNA oxidation, oxidative lipidomics, and biomarkers.

Oxidative Stress: Eustress and Distress presents current knowledge on oxidative stress within the framework of redox biology and translational medicine. It describes eustress and distress in molecular terms and with novel imaging and chemogenetic approaches in four sections: A conceptual framework for studying oxidative stress. Processes and oxidative stress responses. Signaling in major enzyme systems (oxidative eustress), and damaging modification of biomolecules (oxidative distress). The exposome addresses lifelong exposure and impact on health, nutrient sensing, exercise and environmental pollution. Health and disease processes, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, developmental and psychological disorders, hepatic encephalopathy, skeletal muscle disorders, pulmonary disease, gut disease, organ fibrosis, and cancer. Oxidative Stress: Eustress and Distress is an informative resource useful for active researchers and students in biochemistry, molecular biology, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutical science, nutrition, exercise physiology, analytical chemistry, cell biology, pharmacology, clinical medicine, and environmental science. Characterizes oxidative stress within the framework of redox biology, redox signaling, and medicine. Empowers researchers and students to quantify specific reactants noninvasively, identify redox biomarkers, and advance translational studies. Features contributions from international leaders in oxidative stress and redox biology research.

Oxidants, like other aspects of life, involves tradeoffs. Oxidants, whether intentionally produced or by-products of normal metabolism can either mediate a variety of critical biological processes but when present inappropriately cause extensive damage to biological molecules (DNA, proteins, and lipids). These effects can lead to either damage that is a major contributor to aging and degenerative diseases (or to other diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts) or normal physiological function- tissue repair, defense against pathogens and cellular proliferation. On the other hand the body is equipped with a complex antioxidant/oxidant handling system which includes both enzymatic and nonenzymatic (i.e. small molecules such as flavonoids, ascorbate, tocopherol, and carotenoids) produced endogenously or derived from the diet. This book focuses on how the same molecules can have favorable or noxious effects depending on location, level and timing. Each chapter focuses on one particular molecule or oxidant/antioxidant system and provides a state of the art review of the current understanding regarding both positive and negative actions of the system under review.

One of the major biomedical triumphs of the post-World War II era was the defmitive demonstration that hypercholesterolemia is a key causative factor in atherosclerosis; that hypercholesterolemia can be effectively treated; and that treatment significantly reduces not only coronary disease mortality but also all cause mortality. Treatment to lower plasma levels of cholesterol - primarily low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol - is now accepted as best medical practice and both physicians and patients are being educated to take aggressive measures to lower LDL. We can confidently look forward to important decreases in the toll of coronary artery disease over the coming decades. However, there is still uncertainty as to the exact mechanisms by which elevated plasma cholesterol and LDL levels initiate and favor the progression of lesions. There is general consensus that one of the earliest responses to hypercholesterolemia is the adhesion of monocytes to aortic endothelial cells followed by their penetration into the subendothelial space, where they differentiate into macrophages. These cells, and also medial smooth muscle cells that have migrated into the subendothelial space, then become loaded with mUltiple, large droplets of cholesterol esters . . . the hallmark of the earliest visible atherosclerotic lesion, the so-called fatty streak. This lesion is the precursor of the more advanced lesions, both in animal models and in humans. Thus the centrality of hypercholesterolemia cannot be overstated. Still, the atherogenic process is complex and evolves over a long period of time.