Machine And Deep Learning Techniques For Emotion Detection

Computer understanding of human emotions has become crucial and complex within the era of digital interaction and artificial intelligence. Emotion detection, a field within AI, holds promise for enhancing user experiences, personalizing services, and revolutionizing industries. However, navigating this landscape requires a deep understanding of machine and deep learning techniques and the interdisciplinary challenges accompanying them. Machine and Deep Learning Techniques for Emotion Detection offer a comprehensive solution to this pressing problem. Designed for academic scholars, practitioners, and students, it is a guiding light through the intricate terrain of emotion detection. By blending theoretical insights with practical implementations and real-world case studies, our book equips readers with the knowledge and tools needed to advance the frontier of emotion analysis using machine and deep learning methodologies.

Affective computing refers to computing that relates to, arises from, or influences emotions. The goal of affective computing is to bridge the gap between humans and machines and ultimately endow machines with emotional intelligence for improving natural human-machine interaction. In the context of human-robot interaction (HRI), it is hoped that robots can be endowed with human-like capabilities of observation, interpretation, and emotional expression. The research on affective computing has recently achieved extensive progress with many fields contributing including neuroscience, psychology, education, medicine, behavior, sociology, and computer science. Current research in affective computing concentrates on estimating human emotions through different forms of signals such as speech, face, text, EEG, fMRI, and many others. In neuroscience, the neural mechanisms of emotion are explored by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. The multi-disciplinary features of understanding “emotion” result in the fact that inferring the emotion of humans is definitely difficult. As a result, a multi-disciplinary approach is required to facilitate the development of affective computing. One of the challenging problems in affective computing is the affective gap, i.e., the inconsistency between the extracted feature representations and subjective emotions. To bridge the affective gap, various hand-crafted features have been widely employed to characterize subjective emotions. However, these hand-crafted features are usually low-level, and they may hence not be discriminative enough to depict subjective emotions. To address this issue, the recently-emerged deep learning (also called deep neural networks) techniques provide a possible solution. Due to the used multi-layer network structure, deep learning techniques are capable of learning high-level contributing features from a large dataset and have exhibited excellent performance in multiple application domains such as computer vision, signal processing, natural language processing, human-computer interaction, and so on. The goal of this Research Topic is to gather novel contributions on deep learning techniques applied to affective computing across the diverse fields of psychology, machine learning, neuroscience, education, behavior, sociology, and computer science to converge with those active in other research areas, such as speech emotion recognition, facial expression recognition, Electroencephalogram (EEG) based emotion estimation, human physiological signal (heart rate) estimation, affective human-robot interaction, multimodal affective computing, etc. We welcome researchers to contribute their original papers as well as review articles to provide works regarding the neural approach from computation to affective computing systems. This Research Topic aims to bring together research including, but not limited to: • Deep learning architectures and algorithms for affective computing tasks such as emotion recognition from speech, face, text, EEG, fMRI, and many others. • Explainability of deep Learning algorithms for affective computing. • Multi-task learning techniques for emotion, personality and depression detection, etc. • Novel datasets for affective computing • Applications of affective computing in robots, such as emotion-aware human-robot interaction and social robots, etc.

This book includes impactful chapters which present scientific concepts, frameworks, architectures and ideas on sensing technologies and machine learning techniques. These are relevant in tackling the following challenges: (i) the field readiness and use of intrusive sensor systems and devices for capturing biosignals, including EEG sensor systems, ECG sensor systems and electrodermal activity sensor systems; (ii) the quality assessment and management of sensor data; (iii) data preprocessing, noise filtering and calibration concepts for biosignals; (iv) the field readiness and use of nonintrusive sensor technologies, including visual sensors, acoustic sensors, vibration sensors and piezoelectric sensors; (v) emotion recognition using mobile phones and smartwatches; (vi) body area sensor networks for emotion and stress studies; (vii) the use of experimental datasets in emotion recognition, including dataset generation principles and concepts, quality insurance and emotion elicitation material and concepts; (viii) machine learning techniques for robust emotion recognition, including graphical models, neural network methods, deep learning methods, statistical learning and multivariate empirical mode decomposition; (ix) subject-independent emotion and stress recognition concepts and systems, including facial expression-based systems, speech-based systems, EEG-based systems, ECG-based systems, electrodermal activity-based systems, multimodal recognition systems and sensor fusion concepts and (x) emotion and stress estimation and forecasting from a nonlinear dynamical system perspective. This book, emerging from the Special Issue of the Sensors journal on “Emotion and Stress Recognition Related Sensors and Machine Learning Technologies” emerges as a result of the crucial need for massive deployment of intelligent sociotechnical systems. Such technologies are being applied in assistive systems in different domains and parts of the world to address challenges that could not be addressed without the advances made in these technologies.

Providing a complete review of existing work in music emotion developed in psychology and engineering, Music Emotion Recognition explains how to account for the subjective nature of emotion perception in the development of automatic music emotion recognition (MER) systems. Among the first publications dedicated to automatic MER, it begins with

In the realm of analyzing human emotions through Artificial Intelligence (AI), a myriad of challenges persist. From the intricate nuances of emotional subtleties to the broader concerns of ethical considerations, privacy implications, and the ongoing battle against bias, AI faces a complex landscape when venturing into the understanding of human emotions. These challenges underscore the intricate balance required to navigate the human psyche with accuracy. The book, Using Machine Learning to Detect Emotions and Predict Human Psychology, serves as a guide for innovative solutions in the field of emotion detection through AI. It explores facial expression analysis, where AI decodes real-time emotions through subtle cues such as eyebrow movements and micro-expressions. In speech and voice analysis, the book unveils how AI processes vocal nuances to discern emotions, considering elements like tone, pitch, and language intricacies. Additionally, the power of text analysis is of great importance, revealing how AI extracts emotional tones from diverse textual communications. By weaving these systems together, the book offers a holistic solution to the challenges faced by AI in understanding the complex landscape of human emotions.

Original contributions from researchers describing their unpublished research contribution which is not currently under review by another conference or journal and addressing state of the art research are invited to share their work in all areas of Data Science, Machine Learning and its applications but are not limited to Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing Web Intelligence and Computing Swarm Intelligence Mobile Computing Sensor Networks and Social Sensing Wireless Mesh Networks Wireless Networks Management Wireless Protocols and Architectures Multi Agent Systems Human Computer Interaction Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Knowledge Management and Networks Data Intensive Computing Architecture Intelligent E Learning Systems Smart Environments and Applications Genetic Algorithms Evolutionary Computation Soft Computing Machine Learning Neural Networks Pattern Recognition Intelligent Control

Machine learning (ML) is the fastest growing field in computer science, and Health Informatics (HI) is amongst the greatest application challenges, providing future benefits in improved medical diagnoses, disease analyses, and pharmaceutical development. However, successful ML for HI needs a concerted effort, fostering integrative research between experts ranging from diverse disciplines from data science to visualization. Tackling complex challenges needs both disciplinary excellence and cross-disciplinary networking without any boundaries. Following the HCI-KDD approach, in combining the best of two worlds, it is aimed to support human intelligence with machine intelligence. This state-of-the-art survey is an output of the international HCI-KDD expert network and features 22 carefully selected and peer-reviewed chapters on hot topics in machine learning for health informatics; they discuss open problems and future challenges in order to stimulate further research and international progress in this field.

Expand your OpenCV knowledge and master key concepts of machine learning using this practical, hands-on guide. About This Book Load, store, edit, and visualize data using OpenCV and Python Grasp the fundamental concepts of classification, regression, and clustering Understand, perform, and experiment with machine learning techniques using this easy-to-follow guide Evaluate, compare, and choose the right algorithm for any task Who This Book Is For This book targets Python programmers who are already familiar with OpenCV; this book will give you the tools and understanding required to build your own machine learning systems, tailored to practical real-world tasks. What You Will Learn Explore and make effective use of OpenCV's machine learning module Learn deep learning for computer vision with Python Master linear regression and regularization techniques Classify objects such as flower species, handwritten digits, and pedestrians Explore the effective use of support vector machines, boosted decision trees, and random forests Get acquainted with neural networks and Deep Learning to address real-world problems Discover hidden structures in your data using k-means clustering Get to grips with data pre-processing and feature engineering In Detail Machine learning is no longer just a buzzword, it is all around us: from protecting your email, to automatically tagging friends in pictures, to predicting what movies you like. Computer vision is one of today's most exciting application fields of machine learning, with Deep Learning driving innovative systems such as self-driving cars and Google's DeepMind. OpenCV lies at the intersection of these topics, providing a comprehensive open-source library for classic as well as state-of-the-art computer vision and machine learning algorithms. In combination with Python Anaconda, you will have access to all the open-source computing libraries you could possibly ask for. Machine learning for OpenCV begins by introducing you to the essential concepts of statistical learning, such as classification and regression. Once all the basics are covered, you will start exploring various algorithms such as decision trees, support vector machines, and Bayesian networks, and learn how to combine them with other OpenCV functionality. As the book progresses, so will your machine learning skills, until you are ready to take on today's hottest topic in the field: Deep Learning. By the end of this book, you will be ready to take on your own machine learning problems, either by building on the existing source code or developing your own algorithm from scratch! Style and approach OpenCV machine learning connects the fundamental theoretical principles behind machine learning to their practical applications in a way that focuses on asking and answering the right questions. This book walks you through the key elements of OpenCV and its powerful machine learning classes, while demonstrating how to get to grips with a range of models.

Emotion detection in online social networks benefits many applications like personalized advertisement services, suggestion systems, etc. Emotion can be identified from various sources like text, facial expressions, images, speeches, paintings, songs, etc. Emotion detection can be done by various techniques in machine learning. Traditional emotion detection techniques mainly focus on multi-class classification while ignoring the co-existence of multiple emotion labels in one instance. This research work is focussed on classifying multiple emotions from data to handle complex data with the help of different machine learning and deep learning methods. Before modeling, first data analysis is done and then the data is cleaned. Data pre-processing is performed in steps such as stop-words removal, tokenization, stemming and lemmatization, etc., which are performed using a Natural Language Processing toolkit (NLTK). All the input variables are converted into vectors by naive text encoding techniques like word2vec, Bag-of-words, and term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF). This research is implemented using python programming language. To solve multi-label emotion classification problem, machine learning and deep learning methods were used. The evaluation parameters such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score were used to evaluate the performance of the classifiers Naïve Bayes, support vector machine (SVM), Random Forest, K-nearest neighbour (KNN), GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) based RNN (Recurrent Neural Network) with Adam optimizer and Rmsprop optimizer. GRU based RNN with Rmsprop optimizer achieves an accuracy of 82.3%, Naïve Bayes achieves highest precision of 0.80, Random Forest achieves highest recall score of 0.823, SVM achieves highest F1 score of 0.798 on the challenging SemEval2018 Task 1: E-c multi-label emotion classification dataset. Also, One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was performed on the mean values of performance metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score) on all the methods.

The very significant advances in computer vision and pattern recognition and their applications in the last few years reflect the strong and growing interest in the field as well as the many opportunities and challenges it offers. The second edition of this handbook represents both the latest progress and updated knowledge in this dynamic field. The applications and technological issues are particularly emphasized in this edition to reflect the wide applicability of the field in many practical problems. To keep the book in a single volume, it is not possible to retain all chapters of the first edition. However, the chapters of both editions are well written for permanent reference.