Low Power And High Sensitivity Magnetic Sensors And Systems

This comprehensive new resource analyzes sources of noise and clutter that magnetic sensing system developers encounter. This book guides practitioners in designing and building low noise and low power consumption magnetic measurement systems. Various examples of magnetic surveillance and survey systems are provided. This book enables system designers to obtain an all-inclusive spectral understanding of typical sources of noise and clutter present in the system and environment for each application, in order to successfully design stable and sensitive low power magnetic sensing devices. Detection and localization methods are explored, as well as deterministic and heuristics algorithms which are an integral part of any magnetic sensing system. This book is aimed to eliminate some of the "black magic" manipulations present during low noise magnetic measurements. The book meticulously describes, analyzes and quantifies the variables that affect low noise measurement systems. Readers are able to understand sources of measurements irregularities and how to effectively mitigate them. Moreover, this book also presents low power magnetometers and dedicated low noise sampling techniques.

This book gathers, for the first time, an overview of nearly all of the magnetic sensors that exist today. The book is offering the readers a thorough and comprehensive knowledge from basics to state-of-the-art and is therefore suitable for both beginners and experts. From the more common and popular AMR magnetometers and up to the recently developed NV center magnetometers, each chapter is describing a specific type of sensor and providing all the information that is necessary to understand the magnetometer behavior including theoretical background, noise model, materials, electronics, design and fabrication techniques, etc.

This book presents in-depth coverage of magnetic sensors in industrial applications. It is divided into three sections: devices and technology for magnetic sensing, industrial applications (automotive, navigation), and emerging applications. Topics include transmission speed sensor ICs, dynamic differential Hall ICs, chopped Hall switches, programmable linear output Hall sensors, low power Hall ICs, self-calibrating differential Hall ICs for wheel speed sensing, dynamic differential Hall ICs, uni- and bipolar Hall IC switches, chopped mono cell Hall ICs, and electromagnetic levitation.

This completely updated second edition of an Artech House classic covers industrial applications and space and biomedical applications of magnetic sensors and magnetometers. With the advancement of smart grids, renewable energy resources, and electric vehicles, the importance of electric current sensors increased, and the book has been updated to reflect these changes. Integrated fluxgate single-chip magnetometers are presented. GMR sensors in the automotive market, especially for end-of-shaft angular sensors, are included, as well as Linear TMR sensors. Vertical Hall sensors and sensors with integrated ferromagnetic concentrators are two competing technologies, which both brought 3-axial single-chip Hall ICs, are considered. Digital fluxgate magnetometers for both satellite and ground-based applications are discussed. All-optical resonant magnetometes, based on the Coherent Population Trapping effect, has reached approval in space, and is covered in this new edition of the book. Whether you're an expert or new to the field, this unique resource offers you a thorough overview of the principles and design of magnetic sensors and magnetometers, as well as guidance in applying specific devices in the real world. The book covers both multi-channel and gradiometric magnetometer systems, special problems such as cross-talk and crossfield sensitivity, and comparisons between different sensors and magnetometers with respect to various application areas. Miniaturization and the use of new materials in magnetic sensors are also discussed. A comprehensive list of references to journal articles, books, proceedings and webpages helps you find additional information quickly.

A magnetic field sensor is a transducer that is capable of converting a magnetic field, H, into a useful electronic signal. These are used in a wide range of applications including retrieving data in the computer industry by reading magnetic tapes or disks or reading magnetic ink on banknotes, cashcards or credit cards for identification purposes, contactless switching, linear and angular displacement detection (e.g. in automotive systems) and potential-free current detection. A majority of solid state magnetic field sensors made to date have been built on bipolar processes. However, it would be beneficial to obtain similar levels of capability in magnetic sensors in CMOS, because this would allow magnetic sensors to be integrated into the present mainstream semiconductor technology. This thesis describes a research effort to improve the sensing capability of silicon magnetic field detectors through circuit innovation such that it is possible to develop a high performance, low power magnetic sensing capability in standard CMOS without extra exotic process steps or the requirement to have flux concentrators or other external devices in order to boost the sensing capability of the CMOS device. There are three circuits described in this work. The first, a magnetic sensitive amplifier achieved the highest figure of merit, 16kV/AT, reported at the time of its publication. The second device was the lowest power magnetic sensor at the time of its publication and could sense 1mT while running on 100nA. The third used a novel noise reduction scheme to sense lower levels of magnetic field (0.18mT) than had been reported for a CMOS device to date and provides a path to improved performance in future. The work in this thesis demonstrates that it is possible through circuit design innovation to deliver highly sensitive, low power magnetic sensors in standard CMOS.

The classic reference for radar and remote sensing engineers, Handbook of Radar for Scattering Statistics for Terrain, has been reissued with updated, practical software for modern data analysis applications. First published in 1989, this update features a new preface, along with three new appendices that explain how to use the new software and graphical user interface. Python- and MATLAB-based software has been utilized so remote sensing and radar engineers can utilize the wealth of statistical data that came with the original book and software. This update combines the book and software, previously sold separately, into a single new product. The text first presents detailed examinations of the statistical behavior of speckle when superimposed on nonuniform terrain. The Handbook of Radar Scattering Statistics for Terrain then supports system design and signal processing applications with a complete database of calibrated backscattering coefficients. Compiled over 30 years, the statistical summaries of radar backscatter from terrain offers you over 400,000 data points compiled in tabular format. With this text, you'll own the most comprehensive database of radar terrain scattering statistics ever compiled. Derived from measurements made by both airborne and ground-based scatterometer systems, the database includes information from 114 references. The text provides over 60 tables of backscatter data for 9 different surface categories, all derived under strict quality criteria. Rigorous standards for calibration accuracy, measurement precision, and category identification make the database the most reliable source for scattering statistics ever available.

This dissertation, "Magnetic Field Sensing Behaviour of Sectorial Split Drain Field Effect Transistor in Mechatronic Application" by Sik-lam, Siu, 蕭錫霖, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Magnetic sensors have a wide range of applications in proximity sensing, position sensing, etc. Once a magnetic field is present, or there is a change of magnetic field, an electronic signal will be generated from the magnetic sensor. The Hall Effect sensor is a well-known magnetic sensor where the hall voltage varies piecewise with the magnetic field strength. The advanced CMOS technology enables the integration of magnetic sensing core, biasing circuit, amplifier, etc., into one tiny chip. Therefore the power consumption, parasitic element and manufacturing cost of the integrated magnetic sensor can be reduced. It is well-known that silicon is a material which is compatible with the integrated circuit fabrication process. However, silicon may not be a good choice for being an integrated magnetic sensor because of the low mobility property. Low mobility will degrade the performance of the magnetic sensing core, especially the magnetic field sensitivity. Recent research has improved the performance of magnetic sensing core fabricated by silicon such as the development of the metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) Hall Plate and Split-Drain Magnetic Field Effect Transistor (SD-MAGFET). These magnetic sensors are feasible for integrating with a biasing circuit, amplifier and A/D converter. Therefore a silicon magnetic sensor with high magnetic field sensitivity, reduced power consumption and less parasitic elements can be fabricated. These properties make integrated magnetic sensors popular in industrial and motion control systems, especially in mechatronic application. The operation of a mechatronic system usually involves a high operating temperature and high unwanted signal noise. Silicon magnetic sensors are capable of high performance under the above conditions. A high magnetic field changing rate is one of the main factors which degrade the performance of magnetic sensors in mechatronic application. Especially in measuring the angular position of a magnet, a fast changing magnetic field rate will cause the magnetic sensor not to move fast enough respond to the changing magnetic field. Another factor that also strongly influences magnetic field sensitivity is the geometric dimension variation of magnetic sensors. This variation is caused by the imperfect manufacturing process and it is unavoidable. In my research, a Sectorial Split-Drain (SSD) MAGFET is employed for investigation. An experiment is designed for investigating the magnetic field sensing behaviour of alternating magnetic fields. The magnetic field sensing resolution is studied through spectral analysis. The studies show that a MAGFET-based system can achieve better accuracy than traditional Hall Plate when sensing the alternating magnetic field. The underlying physics are also explored which leads to device selection guidelines for high speed, high accuracy angular position measurement. Another experiment is designed to investigate the SSD-MAGFET magnetic field sensitivity variation, whereby the sensitivity variation is induced by manufacturing process variation (process-induced variation). The sector angle and magnetic field sensitivity of 965 "identical" SSD-MAGFETs are measured. A statistical model describing process-induced variation is developed. A method for obtaining the optimal sector angle is developed to give greatest immunity to process-induced sector angle vari

This book provides a comprehensive overview of current research on memristors, memcapacitors and, meminductors. In addition to an historical overview of the research in this area, coverage includes the theory behind memristive circuits, as well as memcapacitance, and meminductance. Details are shown for recent applications of memristors for resistive random access memories, neuromorphic systems and hybrid CMOS/memristor circuits. Methods for the simulation of memristors are demonstrated and an introduction to neuromorphic modeling is provided.

A comprehensive review of the development, challenges and utilisation of magnetic field measurement Magnetic Field Measurement with Applications to Modern Power Grids offers an authoritative review of the development of magnetic field measurement and the application of the technology to the smart grid. The authors, noted experts in the field, present the challenges to the field of magnetics and explore the use of cutting-edge magnetic technology in the development of the smart grid. In addition, the authors discussed the applications of magnetic field measurements in substations, generations systems, transmission systems and distribution systems. The specialized applications of magnetic field measurements in these venues are explored including the typical sensors used, the field strength levels and spectral frequencies involved and the mathematics that are needed to process data measurements. The book presents the complex topic of electromagnetics in clear and understandable terms. Magnetic Field Measurement with Applications to Modern Power Grids offers researchers in the magnetic community a guide to the progress of the smart grid and helps to inspire innovation of magnetic technologies in the smart grid. The technologies of measurement are a bridge between mathematical models and application oriented practice. The book is a guide to that bridge and: Offers a comprehensive review of the development of magnetic field measurement Shows how magnetic field measurement applies to the smart grid Outlines the challenges, trends and needs for future magnetic measurement systems Includes information on the need for levels of standardisation, smart grid applications and innovative sensors Written for researchers in smart grid, power engineers, power grid companies and professionals in the measurement and test industries, Magnetic Field Measurement with Applications to Modern Power Grids is an authoritative guide that offers a clear understanding of the relationship between the magnetic field measurement and power grids.