Liquid Fuels

Direct Liquid Fuel Cells is a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals and specificities of the use of methanol, ethanol, glycerol, formic acid and formate, dimethyl ether, borohydride, hydrazine and other promising liquid fuels in fuel cells. Each chapter covers a different liquid fuel-based fuel cell such as: Anode catalysts of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), future system designs and future trends for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), development of catalysts for direct glycerol fuel cells (DGFCs), the mechanisms of the reactions taking place at the anode and cathode electrodes, and the reported anode catalysts for direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) and direct formate fuel cell (DFFC), characteristics of direct dimethyl ether fuel cell (DDMEFC), including its electrochemical and operating systems and design, the developments in direct borohydride fuel cells, the development of catalysts for direct hydrazine fuel cells (DHFCs), and also the uncommonly used liquids that have a potential for fuel cell applications including 2-propanol, ethylene glycol, ascorbic acid and ascorbate studied in the literature as well as utilization of some blended fuels. In each part, the most recent literature is reviewed and the state of the art is presented. It also includes examples of practical problems with solutions and a summarized comparison of performance, advantages, and limitations of each type of fuel cell discussed. Direct Liquid Fuel Cells is not a typical textbook but rather designed as a reference book of which any level of students (undergraduate or graduate), instructors, field specialists, industry and general audience, who benefit from current and complete understanding of the many aspects involved in the development and operation of these types of fuel cells, could make use of any chapter when necessary. Presents information on different types of direct liquid fuel cells. Explores information under each section, for specific fuel-based fuel cells in more detail in terms of the materials used. Covers three main sections: direct alcohol, organic fuel-based and inorganic fuel-based fuel cells

In recent years, it has been important for scientists and chemical industries to introduce and develop new liquid fuels as jet fuels and propellants for propulsion purposes. Different aspects should be considered for the selection of a good candidate such as combustion performance, desired physical properties, noncarcinogenic and less toxicity. New synthetic hydrocarbon fuels with favorable combustion performance and physical properties have been considered as desirable jet fuels. They can be used in aircrafts such as military jets because of their higher volumetric energy density. A liquid-propellant rocket uses liquid propellants for propulsion. Liquid propellants should have the desirable properties of high energy density per unit mass, high specific impulse, and short ignition delays. Hypergolic propellants as important classes of liquid propellants are characterized by spontaneous reaction upon fuel and oxidizer mixing and high energy yield. Moreover, they should be relatively ignitable and have a small ignition time delay. This book reviews some efforts that have been done to introduce new candidates to replace conventional hydrazine fuels because they are acutely toxic and suspected carcinogens, costly safety precautions and handling procedures are required. This book reviews the latest advances in liquid fuels, which may be used as jet fuels and liquid propellants. Important properties for assessment of a suitable liquid are demonstrated. This book can be used for graduate students in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering. It may also be useful for scientists and researchers who work on the development of new liquid fuels with high performance as well as those that are noncarcinogenic or have less toxicity.

Encyclopedia of Liquid Fuels contains information on liquid fuels to be used as rocket propellants. In the general subject area of fuels for rocket propellants, there are both liquid fuels and solid fuels in use. Solid fuels serve a dual purpose as binders in solid rocket propellants and are not included in this book. Therefore the title of this book could not be Encyclopedia of Rocket Propellant Fuels, but the title had to be more specific by limiting the scope to liquid fuels. The choice of liquid fuels with their widely varying hydrogen content has a strong infl uence on the specific impulse of rocket propellant combinations.

Large U.S. coal reserves and viable technology make promising a domestic industry producing liquid fuels from coal. Weighing benefits, costs, and environmental issues, a productive and robust U.S. strategy is to promote a limited amount of early commercial experience in coal-to-liquids production and to prepare the foundation for managing associated greenhouse-gas emissions, both in a way that reduces uncertainties and builds future capabilities.

Liquid Fuels discusses the properties, classification, manufacturing, and practical use of liquid fuels. The book is organized into 10 chapters discussing the various aspects of liquid fuels, from source to storage. Chapters 1 and 2 present the main source of liquid fuels and other sources such as oil shales and coal. Chapter 3 illustrates the physical and chemical tests used to determine the properties of liquid fuels and the significance of these properties to the practical applications of the different types of fuels. Fuels for spark and compression ignition engines are discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 6 presents the combustion and atomization of fuel oils. Chapters 7 to 9 enumerate the industrial and household uses of liquid fuels. The final chapter deals with the handling and storage of liquid fuels. Students of chemical engineering and metallurgy and people working at industries requiring the use of liquid fuels in their manufacturing processes will find the book useful.

Liquid Fuels discusses the properties, classification, manufacturing, and practical use of liquid fuels. The book is organized into 10 chapters discussing the various aspects of liquid fuels, from source to storage. Chapters 1 and 2 present the main source of liquid fuels and other sources such as oil shales and coal. Chapter 3 illustrates the physical and chemical tests used to determine the properties of liquid fuels and the significance of these properties to the practical applications of the different types of fuels. Fuels for spark and compression ignition engines are discussed in Chapter ...