Landolt Bvrnstein

Describes how nuclear energy is produced and discusses the positive and negative aspects of using nuclear energy.

1 Introduction Data extract from Landolt-Börnstein IV/24: Surface Tension of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures 1.1 Selection of data This supplement updates Landolt-Börnstein's New Series Group IV (Physical Chemistry) Volume 16, S- face Tension of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, published in the year 1997 [1997WOH1]. The update provides experimental data published in the years 1997 to 2006. The ?nal date for including data was December, 31st, 2006. Specialization and selection of data for this new update follows the intentions of the original volume. The focus is on non-electrolyte systems, and only data for pure liquids and binary liquid mixtures at normal pr- sure (or in some single cases at saturation vapor pressure) were taken into account for this volume. For m- tures, this data collection is restricted to binary liquid mixtures, i.e. no ternary systems and also no solutions of any solids, salts, electrolytes, polymers are included here. Surfactant solutions or micellar systems in water or other ?uids were not considered either. At least, also molten metals and metallic alloys, molten salts, molten glasses and other high-temperature melts were not taken into account. As the amount of data collected between 1997 and 2006 exceeds the available space for printing by far, the volume has an electronic version containing additional data which is available on www.landolt-boernstein.

The precise knowledge of production cross sections for specific radionuclides for medium energies (10 MeV to 100 GeV) of the incident particle gains ever more importance, not only for nuclear physics but also for many applications, e.g. astrophysics, radiation protection at accelerators but also on space flights, radioisotope techniques in medicine and for industrial applications and perhaps even for the removal of nuclear waste by accelerators. Since the last systematic review of these production cross sections in 1973 (LB I/5a, b, c) an impressive amount of new experimental data has been accumulated. In the present subvolume data for the production of radioisotopes by medium energetic deuterons, tritons and 3He-nuclei on various targets are presented in tables and figures, the latter showing the general trend of the cross sections and can be more readily used for interpolations. The origin of the authors made it possible to include data from the former USSR and other East European states which sometimes are not easy to access. The tables and figures have been compiled with extraordinary care and should present the most complete compilation for this type of nuclear reactions.

Rapid increases of knowledge in the "Golden Age of Astronomy" have necessitated the publishing of a new edition of the Astronomy and Astrophysics volumes of the Landolt-Boernstein. The title is now "Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology."

Crystals are sometimes called 'Flowers of the Mineral Kingdom'. In addition to their great beauty, crystals and other textured materials are enormously useful in electronics, optics, acoustics and many other engineering applications. This richly illustrated text describes the underlying principles of crystal physics and chemistry, covering a wide range of topics and illustrating numerous applications in many fields of engineering using the most important materials today. Tensors, matrices, symmetry and structure-property relationships form the main subjects of the book. While tensors and matrices provide the mathematical framework for understanding anisotropy, on which the physical and chemical properties of crystals and textured materials often depend, atomistic arguments are also needed to quantify the property coefficients in various directions. The atomistic arguments are partly based on symmetry and partly on the basic physics and chemistry of materials. After introducing the point groups appropriate for single crystals, textured materials and ordered magnetic structures, the directional properties of many different materials are described: linear and nonlinear elasticity, piezoelectricity and electrostriction, magnetic phenomena, diffusion and other transport properties, and both primary and secondary ferroic behavior. With crystal optics (its roots in classical mineralogy) having become an important component of the information age, nonlinear optics is described along with the piexo-optics, magneto-optics, and analogous linear and nonlinear acoustic wave phenomena. Enantiomorphism, optical activity, and chemical anisotropy are discussed in the final chapters of the book.