Joint Operation In The Gulf War

To what extent was the effectiveness of joint operations in the Gulf War influencedby individual service perspectives? This study uses Graham Allison's three models ofbureaucratic behavior (Model I, Rational Actor; Model II, Organizational Process;and Model III, Bureaucratic Politics) to answer this question. The value ofinterservice integration has been recognized for a long time. The Department ofDefense Reorganization Act of 1986 (Goldwater-Nichols) made significant stridesintegrating the services at the most senior levels, that is, the component commandersand above. The study concludes that, in general, at the component commander leveland above during Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, rational decisions weremade and rational actions were implemented to prosecute the war (Model Ibehavior). The Goldwater-Nichols legislation did not make as much headway,however, in integrating the services below the level of component commander.Unlike the most senior levels of command, decisions made and actions taken were not always implemented for the most rational reason. For the most part, decisionsand actions were Model I. But at times, decisions and actions were not optimalbecause the decisionmaker/actor lacked information, had a different serviceperspective, and/or inadequately understood and empathized with members of theother services (primarily Model II, but with traces of Model III as well). Based onthese findings, the study suggests in order to continue to improve interserviceintegration, we need to teach concepts of service integration early in an officer'scareer, expand joint interaction and provide some additional standardization amongtheaters.

CMH Publication 70-30. Edited by Frank N. Schubert and TheresaL. Kraus. Discusses the United States Army's role in the Persian Gulf War from August 1990 to February 1991. Shows the various strands that came together to produce the army of the 1990s and how that army in turn performed under fire and in the glare of world attention. Retains a sense of immediacy in its approach. Contains maps which were carefully researched and compiled as original documents in their own right. Includes an index.

Knowing the past and being able to use its lessons are major responsibilities of all military professionals. The Joint Military Operations Historical Collection (JMOHC) presents historical events that illustrate Joint Doctrine principles in Joint Force Employment. The selected US joint military operations include historical and modern operations that teach us universal lessons directly applicable to Joint Force Employment. The military actions covered in the JMOHC helped shape our current Joint Doctrine. By studying, understanding, and practicing this doctrine, we will enhance joint warfighting throughout the Armed Forces of the United States.Among the historic incidents covered: Grenada, Panama, Haiti, Gettysburg, Civil War, Korean War, Caesar in Britain, von Moltke, World War I, Hannibal, Operation Chromite, Operation Urgent Fury, Operation Just Cause, Desert Shield, Desert Storm, Somalia, Uphold Democracy.The Joint Military Operations Historical Collection (JMOHC) complements joint doctrine by providing historical military operations that illustrate fundamental principles of joint operations. These historical joint operations teach primary lessons in planning, deploying, and employing joint forces. The JMOHC has been developed to help military students, action officers, and planners understand key principles of Joint Force Employment. Joint doctrine is largely developed from the lessons of past operations. The JMOHC distills seven case histories for their relevance to Joint Force Employment and fundamental principles of joint doctrine. This document examines general principles of Joint Force Employment to link relevant historical lessons to current planning and joint operations. Each of the historical operations illustrates how fundamental joint doctrine principles were applied in specific circumstances. Military students and practitioners are invited to compare the case histories in this book to today's joint operations and principles to stimulate original thought and effective responses to future military challenges. Great leaders have always studied history. In their study they hope to see not only what happened but why. What were the processes that led to a certain action? Why was one action successful and another a failure? How can these lessons learned be used to help US forces fight as a team? Military personnel should take the time to read, study, and reflect upon thousands of years of recorded military history. Thucydides, Sun Tzu, Napoleon, and others have much to offer today's leaders. While historical case studies can extend the experience base of today's commanders and senior staff officers they should not, however, be viewed as a checklist for future operations. The purpose of the historical study is to stimulate thought, not rote imitation.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * MILITARY INCIDENT #1: THE IMPORTANCE OF TACTICS * MILITARY INCIDENT #2: BUILDING ON EXPERIENCE * CHAPTER I - VICKSBURG * MILITARY INCIDENT #3: THE PRICE OF POOR PLANNING * CHAPTER II - OPERATION CHROMITE * MILITARY INCIDENT #4: THE PRICE OF INFLEXIBILITY * CHAPTER III - OPERATION URGENT FURY * MILITARY INCIDENT #5: UNITY OF COMMAND * CHAPTER IV - OPERATION JUST CAUSE * MILITARY INCIDENT #6: FORCE WITHOUT CONCEPT * CHAPTER V - OPERATIONS DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM * MILITARY INCIDENT #7: FACING THE UNEXPECTED AND UNTHINKABLE * CHAPTER VI - OPERATIONS IN SOMALIA * MILITARY INCIDENT #8: NEW MISSIONS, EARLY STRATEGIES * CHAPTER VII - OPERATION UPHOLD DEMOCRACY * APPENDIX A - REFERENCES * APPENDIX B - RECENT JOINT HISTORY OFFICE PUBLICATIONS * GLOSSARY

Smallholder farmers and pastoralists fulfil an invaluable yet undervalued role in conserving biodiversity. They act as guardians of locally adapted livestock breeds that can make use of even marginal environments under tough climatic conditions and therefore are a crucial resource for food security. But in addition, by sustaining animals on natural vegetation and as part of local ecosystems, these communities also make a significant contribution to the conservation of wild biodiversity and of cultural landscapes. This publication provides a glimpse into the often intricate knowledge systems that pastoralists and smallholder farmers have developed for the management of their breeds in specific production systems and it also describes the multitude of threats and challenges these often marginalized communities have to cope with.

Twenty years ago, the Persian Gulf War captured the attention of the world as the first test of the U.S. Army since the Vietnam War and the first large-scale armor engagement since World War II. Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait and his subsequent ouster by the U.S.-led coalition are keys to understanding today's situation in the Middle East. The coalition partnerships cemented in that initial operation and in the regional peacekeeping operations that followed provided the basis for a growing series of multinational efforts that have characterized the post-Cold War environment. Moreover, the growing interoperability of U.S. air, sea, and land forces coupled with the extensive employment of more sophisticated weapons first showcased in Desert Storm have become the hallmark of American military operations and the standard that other nations strive to meet.