Intraocular And Intracranial Pressure Gradient In Glaucoma

This book focuses on the characteristic of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and its relationship with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. It also explores the potential novel methods to manage glaucoma by adjusting CSF pressure. This book covers several interesting topics such as why normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients still develops into glaucoma without high intraocular pressure (IOP); and whether there are factors other than IOP contributing to the pathogenesis of NTG why the role of IOP in the pathogenesis of POAG becomes vague and controversial. This book contains over 40 chapters, including numerous images from clinical patients and experiments on gross anatomy, pathological tissue, and immunohistochemistry, electronic speculum etc. The ophthalmologists and researchers can also benefit from the clinical cases. We hope this book serves as a clinical guidance with practical significant for the understanding, prevention and diagnosis of glaucoma.

This book focuses on the characteristic of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and its relationship with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. It also explores the potential novel methods to manage glaucoma by adjusting CSF pressure. This book covers several interesting topics such as why normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients still develops into glaucoma without high intraocular pressure (IOP); and whether there are factors other than IOP contributing to the pathogenesis of NTG why the role of IOP in the pathogenesis of POAG becomes vague and controversial. This book contains over 40 chapters, including numerous images from clinical patients and experiments on gross anatomy, pathological tissue, and immunohistochemistry, electronic speculum etc. The ophthalmologists and researchers can also benefit from the clinical cases. We hope this book serves as a clinical guidance with practical significant for the understanding, prevention and diagnosis of glaucoma.

This book provides comprehensive information on current medications for glaucoma. From anatomy and physiology of glaucoma related ocular structure to the current mechanism theories and evaluation techniques of glaucoma, our understanding of glaucoma has been considerably improved in the last three decades. A large number of medications have been developed for the treatment of glaucoma, whose pharmacological information and data on efficacy and safety will be introduced in detail in this book. Practical guidelines for different type of glaucoma and specific patients, and pharmaceutical agents combined usage are concise and credible. The other chapters on patient managements and updates on glaucoma guidelines add useful and practical information to the book. New experimental and clinical investigations are promising and may develop new therapeutic targets for treatment of glaucoma in future. The primary target audience for this book is practicing ophthalmologists and ophthalmologists in training. Other healthcare professionals who need information about medical treatment for glaucoma may also find this book valuable. We will provide both evidence-based information and clinical experience on antiglaucoma medications, and guide the clinician on how to use them for the patient’s maximal benefit.

This book provides an overview on new insights in glaucoma, the latest technological developments, scientific achievements, and novel research leading to new paradigms in glaucoma diagnosis. Readers will discover a broad picture starting from theoretical perspectives in diagnostic criteria followed by practical examination and clinical interpretations while highlighting potential pitfalls and limitations in analysis. Non-invasive, modern technologies allowing visualization and quantification of various parts of the human eye are fast evolving and improving interpretation of modern diagnostic possibilities are essential to fill the gap between sophisticated equipment, complex clinical data, and the need for precision-medicine based interpretation. Issues such as the importance of intraocular, intracranial, and ocular perfusion pressures (IOP, ICP, OPP) in the pathogenesis of glaucoma; and imaging modalities for examination of the optic nerve head, retinal fiber layer, and visual field assessment in glaucoma are explored in these chapters. The problem-based learning approach presented herein offers a succinct go-to-guide to read and discover answers.​

Fluid distribution during spaceflight and impact on brain and vision health is an emerging field of high-priority research in the NASA human space program. International Space Station astronauts have developed ocular refraction changes during prolonged spaceflight. Within this book, experts review current data related to fluid shifts during microgravity exposure and the impact of fluid shifts on astronaut health.This work also compares current astronaut health problems with Earth-based health conditions such as elevated intracranial pressure and glaucoma. Chapters include discussion of altered fluid distribution, including intracellular and extracellular fluid shifts, eye morphology and vision disturbances, and intraocular pressure. In addition, chapters will include a discussion of advanced non-invasive technologies to investigate the abovementioned fluid volume and pressure variables.As such, the book aims to bridge health professionals, researchers, and science professionals by a presentation of ophthalmology topics critical to future human space exploration, thus providing new perspectives to solve emerging brain and eye disease on Earth and in Space.

Written for ophthalmology residents and practitioners, this book provides the most comprehensive resource covering all the major aspects of aqueous humor and intraocular pressure dynamics. In addition to chapters on the conventional and new technologies for intraocular pressure assessment, there is a novel chapter on the engineering perspectives of continuous monitoring of the intraocular pressure. Based on the newer insights in aqueous outflow, this text offers a rational approach to the medical and surgical management of glaucoma.

Intraocular Pressure is the subject for the fourth Consensus report published under the auspices of the AIGS, now renamed as the World Glaucoma Association (WGA). The active participation in our Project Forum e-Room started in January, 2007, by expert members of the various consensus committees. As done with prior reports, the preliminary document was circulated to each of the member societies of the WGA, and additional comments were solicited for the document. Each member Society also was invited to send a representative to attend the consensus meeting that was held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on May 5, 2007. The report then was discussed extensively during the Consensus Meeting and Consensus Statements were revised following these discussions. Intraocular Pressure is a topic that touches the essence of our subspecialty. Its measurement is a vital aspect of glaucoma diagnosis and treatment. For now, it is the only modifiable risk factor. Measurement of IOP is a relatively recent – one century – addition to our diagnostic armamentarium. Even though the measurement of IOP is relatively simple, it is by no means uncomplicated. The greatest limitation is probably the paucity of measurements that are obtained in practice. Although continuous IOP-measurement is on the horizon, it still is not ready for clinical practice. Arriving at a consensus often can be circuitous and filled with compromises. However, this opportunity is used to critically assess the evidence and develop consensus points. The reader will find this consensus report instructive, practical, and thought-provoking. Moreover, it has great potential to impact patients, both individually and collectively, through both their care and research.

With the development of nature science and industrial technology, more and more patients are benefitting from the rapid progress in ophthalmology, as the use of new medicine and delicate surgical therapy has ensured them the chance to restore their sight. However, some problems have come up during its development, of which the most serious one is the limitation of the ophthalmology. Eyes are not isolated organs, they are connected to our body, and thus, the general status of our body will affect the eyes’ function. Therefore, it is of great importance that the ophthalmologists see the big picture while dealing with the clinical problems. Based on the above observations, we put forward the concept of Integrative Ophthalmology, and describe the ophthalmology related medical situations that are prone to be neglected in clinical practice in a bid to increase the awareness of doctors from all fields that a holistic view should be adopted in clinical practice, and it is the patients that we are treating rather than the disease. There are 9 parts in the book, containing the concept of integrative ophthalmology, intraocular and intracranial pressure gradient related diseases,and the relationship between the different general status and eye disorders. We do believe that the integrative ophthalmology is the key to the development of ophthalmology and hope readers can benefit from this book.

Preface Open angle glaucoma (OAG) is one of the leading causes of impaired vision worldwide. The pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy remains poorly understood, and several pathogenic mechanisms are proposed to coexist. As the world population ages, OAG will become more prevalent and advances in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy are important to protect and improve the quality of life of our aging population. Treatment of OAG has been directed at lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) which is the only current therapeutic strategy available to patients with glaucoma. While a wide variety of studies have demonstrated that lowering IOP decreases the risk of glaucoma development and/or progression, many studies have also shown that some patients continue to lose vision despite significant lowering of IOP. There have been many attempts to elucidate the etiology for the deterioration in glaucomatous optic neuropathy despite low levels of IOP. Over the past several decades, deficits in the ocular circulation of patients with OAG have become well established and these may explain the continued progression of OAG patients despite lowered IOP. The purpose of the present publication is to provide an updated view of ocular blood flow and vascular dysregulation in OAG. The importance of the topic was demonstrated by the focus of the 2009 6th Consensus meeting of the World Glaucoma Association which focused entirely on blood flow deficits in patients with OAG. Although a great deal of knowledge on vascular risk factors in glaucoma has already been established, many questions remain. Do ocular blood flow deficits precede glaucoma progression? How does ocular perfusion pressure fit into the IOP and blood flow paradigm? What conclusions can be drawn from recent evidence showing the fluctuation of OAG risk factors including IOP, blood pressure and ocular perfusion pressure? We hope this update d current prospective will serve as a foundation for future investigations which will be designed to answer these and other important considerations in the management of glaucoma. Alon Harris, MS, PhD, FARVO Director of Clinical Research Lois Letzter Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Cellular and Integrative Physiology