Interfaces On Trial

This book presents the history of one of the key debates in the continuing effort to develop a legal framework for intellectual property rights in the burgeoning computer software industry. It is the first full account of the interoperability debate-the controversy over the protectability of interface specifications and the permissibility of

The debate over the use of copyright law to prevent competition and interoperability in the global software industry. We live in an interoperable world. Computer hardware and software products from different manufacturers can exchange data within local networks and around the world using the Internet. The competition enabled by this compatibility between devices has led to fast-paced innovation and prices low enough to allow ordinary users to command extraordinary computing capacity. In Interfaces on Trial 2.0, Jonathan Band and Masanobu Katoh investigate an often overlooked factor in the development of today's interoperabilty: the evolution of copyright law. Because software is copyrightable, copyright law determines the rules for competition in the information technology industry. This book—a follow-up to Band and Katoh's successful 1995 book Interfaces on Trial—examines the debates surrounding the use of copyright law to prevent competition and interoperability in the global software industry in the last fifteen years. Band and Katoh are longtime advocates for interoperable devices but present a reasoned view of contentious issues related to interoperability issues in the United States, the European Union, and the Pacific Rim. They discuss such topics as the protectability of interface specifications, the permissibility of reverse engineering (and legislative and executive endorsement of pro-interoperability case law), the interoperability exception to the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the interoperability cases decided under it, the enforceability of contractural restrictions on reverse engineering; and recent legal developments affecting the future of interoperability, including those related to open source-software and software patents.

This is the third volume of a history of the global legal debate concerning copyright and competition in the software industry. The debate has centered on two related issues. First, does copyright protect the elements of computer programs necessary to achieve interoperability? Second, to the extent that those elements are unprotectable, can copyright law nevertheless prevent the incidental to uncover those unprotectable elements? I wrote the first volume, INTERFACES ON TRIAL: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND INTEROPERABILITY ON THE GLOBAL SOFTWARE INDUSTRY, with Masanobu Katoh. It was published by Westview Press in 1995. The second volume, INTERFACES ON TRIAL 2.0, also written with Masanobu Katoh, was published by MIT Press in 2011. It covers the developments in this field between 1995 and 2010. The third volume, INTERFACES ON TRIAL 3.0: ORACLE AMERICA v. GOOGLE AND BEYOND, picks off where the second volume left off, focusing in particular on the Oracle America v. Google litigation concerning Google's copying of certain elements of the Java Application Program Interface (API). This litigation, initiated by Oracle in 2010, is still ongoing. I have updated INTERFACES ON TRIAL 3.0 to reflect the latest developments in the case--the CAFC's 2018 reversal of the jury's fair use verdict, as well as Google's petition for reconsideration en banc.

"This is the third volume of a history of the global legal debate concerning copyright and competition in the software industry. The debate has centered on two related issues. First, does copyright protect the elements of computer programs necessary to achieve interoperability? Second, to the extent that those elements are unprotectable, can copyright law nevertheless prevent the incidental copying necessary to uncover those unprotectable elements?"--Page 1.

Driving automation and autonomy are already upon us and the problems that were predicted twenty years ago are beginning to appear. These problems include shortfalls in expected benefits, equipment unreliability, driver skill fade, and error-inducing equipment designs. Designing Interaction and Interfaces for Automated Vehicles: User-Centred Ecological Design and Testing investigates the difficult problem of how to interface drivers with automated vehicles by offering an inclusive, human-centred design process that focusses on human variability and capability in interaction with interfaces. This book introduces a novel method that combines both systems thinking and inclusive user-centred design. It models driver interaction, provides design specifications, concept designs, and the results of studies in simulators on the test track, and in road going vehicles. This book is for designers of systems interfaces, interactions, UX, Human Factors and Ergonomics researchers and practitioners involved with systems engineering and automotive academics._ "In this book, Prof Stanton and colleagues show how Human Factors methods can be applied to the tricky problem of interfacing human drivers with vehicle automation. They have developed an approach to designing the human-automation interaction for the handovers between the driver and the vehicle. This approach has been tested in driving simulators and, most interestingly, in real vehicles on British motorways. The approach, called User-Centred Ecological Interface Design, has been validated against driver behaviour and used to support their ongoing work on vehicle automation. I highly recommend this book for anyone interested, or involved, in designing human-automation interaction in vehicles and beyond." Professor Michael A. Regan, University of NSW Sydney, AUSTRALIA

Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook: Technological and Theoretical Advances provides a tutorial and an overview of the rich and multi-faceted world of Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs). The authors supply readers with a contemporary presentation of fundamentals, theories, and diverse applications of BCI, creating a valuable resource for anyone involved with the improvement of people’s lives by replacing, restoring, improving, supplementing or enhancing natural output from the central nervous system. It is a useful guide for readers interested in understanding how neural bases for cognitive and sensory functions, such as seeing, hearing, and remembering, relate to real-world technologies. More precisely, this handbook details clinical, therapeutic and human-computer interfaces applications of BCI and various aspects of human cognition and behavior such as perception, affect, and action. It overviews the different methods and techniques used in acquiring and pre-processing brain signals, extracting features, and classifying users’ mental states and intentions. Various theories, models, and empirical findings regarding the ways in which the human brain interfaces with external systems and environments using BCI are also explored. The handbook concludes by engaging ethical considerations, open questions, and challenges that continue to face brain–computer interface research. Features an in-depth look at the different methods and techniques used in acquiring and pre-processing brain signals, extracting features, and classifying the user's intention Covers various theories, models, and empirical findings regarding ways in which the human brain can interface with the systems or external environments Presents applications of BCI technology to understand various aspects of human cognition and behavior such as perception, affect, action, and more Includes clinical trials and individual case studies of the experimental therapeutic applications of BCI Provides human factors and human-computer interface concerns in the design, development, and evaluation of BCIs Overall, this handbook provides a synopsis of key technological and theoretical advances that are directly applicable to brain–computer interfacing technologies and can be readily understood and applied by individuals with no formal training in BCI research and development.

Grid and cooperative computing has emerged as a new frontier of information tech- logy. It aims to share and coordinate distributed and heterogeneous network resources forbetterperformanceandfunctionalitythatcanotherwisenotbeachieved.Thisvolume contains the papers presented at the 2nd International Workshop on Grid and Coope- tive Computing, GCC 2003, which was held in Shanghai, P.R. China, during December 7–10, 2003. GCC is designed to serve as a forum to present current and future work as well as to exchange research ideas among researchers, developers, practitioners, and usersinGridcomputing,Webservicesandcooperativecomputing,includingtheoryand applications. For this workshop, we received over 550 paper submissions from 22 countries and regions. All the papers were peer-reviewed in depth and qualitatively graded on their relevance, originality, signi?cance, presentation, and the overall appropriateness of their acceptance. Any concerns raised were discussed by the program committee. The or- nizing committee selected 176 papers for conference presentation (full papers) and 173 submissions for poster presentation (short papers).The papers included herein represent the forefront of research from China, USA, UK, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Aust- lia, India, Korea, Singapore, Brazil, Norway, Greece, Iran, Turkey, Oman, Pakistan and other countries. More than 600 attendees participated in the technical section and the exhibition of the workshop.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the Second International Conference on Advances in New Technologies, Interactive Interfaces, and Communicability, held in Huerta Grande, Argentina, in December 2011. The 24 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The topics addressed span the entire spectrum of interactive design, e-commerce, e-learning, e-health, e-tourism, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0.

This book describes techniques for designing and building adaptive user interfaces developed in the large AID project undertaken by the contributors. Describes one of the few large-scale adaptive interface projects in the world Outlines the principles of adaptivity in human-computer interaction

Stroke and spinal cord injury often result in paralysis with serious negative consequences to the independence and quality of life of those who sustain them. For these individuals, rehabilitation provides the means to regain lost function. Rehabilitation following neurological injuries has undergone revolutionary changes, enriched by neuroplasticity. Neuroplastic-based interventions enhance the efficacy and continue to guide the development of new rehabilitation strategies. This book presents three important technology-based rehabilitation interventions that follow the concepts of neuroplasticity. The book also discusses clinical results related to their efficacy. These interventions are: functional electrical stimulation therapy, which produces coordinated muscle contractions allowing people with paralysis to perform functional movements with rich sensory feedback; robot-assisted therapy, which uses robots to assist, resist, and guide movements with increased intensity while also reducing the physical burden on therapists; and brain–computer interfaces, which make it possible to verify the presence of motor-related brain activity during rehabilitation. Further, the book presents the combined use of these three technologies to illustrate some of the emerging approaches to the neurorehabilitation of voluntary movement. The authors share their practical experiences obtained during the development and clinical testing of functional electrical stimulation therapy controlled by a brain–computer interface as an intervention to restore reaching and grasping.