Injection And Combustion Of Liquid Fuels

Combustion of Liquid Fuel Sprays outlines the fundamentals of the combustion of sprays in a unified way which may be applied to any technological application. The book begins with a discussion of the general nature of spray combustion, the sources of liquid fuels used in spray combustion, biomass sources of liquid fuels, and the nature and properties of fuel oils. Subsequent chapters focus on the properties of sprays, the atomization of liquid fuels, and the theoretical modeling of the behavior of a spray flame in a combustion chamber. The nature and control of pollutants from spray combustion, the formation of deposits in oil-fired systems, and the combustion of sprays in furnaces and engines are elucidated as well. The text is intended for students undertaking courses or research in fuel, combustion, and energy studies.

Liquid Fuels discusses the properties, classification, manufacturing, and practical use of liquid fuels. The book is organized into 10 chapters discussing the various aspects of liquid fuels, from source to storage. Chapters 1 and 2 present the main source of liquid fuels and other sources such as oil shales and coal. Chapter 3 illustrates the physical and chemical tests used to determine the properties of liquid fuels and the significance of these properties to the practical applications of the different types of fuels. Fuels for spark and compression ignition engines are discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 6 presents the combustion and atomization of fuel oils. Chapters 7 to 9 enumerate the industrial and household uses of liquid fuels. The final chapter deals with the handling and storage of liquid fuels. Students of chemical engineering and metallurgy and people working at industries requiring the use of liquid fuels in their manufacturing processes will find the book useful.

The main goal of the book is the presentation of the last theoretical and experimental works concerning fuel injection systems, mainly in small power two-stroke engines as well as in marine engines. This book includes thirteen chapters devoted to the processes of fuel injection and the combustion that takes place in a stratified charge within the cylinders of two-stroke engines. In the first two chapters, the division into different injection systems in two-stroke engines and each injection system is briefly described. Various theoretical and practical solutions of fueling system designs are described. In Chapter Three, mathematical models, the spatial movement of gas in the cylinder and the combustion chamber are introduced, taking into account the turbulence of the charge. Chapter Four relates to the behavior of fuel injected into the gaseous medium, including evaporation processes, disintegration and processes occurring while the fuel drops connect with the wall. The next section describes the zero-dimensional model of fuel injection in two-stroke engines along with examples of numerical calculations. The sixth chapter is devoted to CFD multi-dimensional models of movement and evaporation of the fuel in a closed gaseous medium, occurring also in other engine types. Chapter Seven describes a two-zone model of the combustion process and the effect of the geometry of the combustion chamber on the flame propagation with a simplified verification model of combustion. Chapter Eight compares the propagation phase of gas and liquid fuels concerning direct fuel injection as well as the direct fuel injection from the cylinder head and the thermodynamic parameters of the charge. The formation of the components during the combustion process in the direct fuel injection two-stroke engine was obtained by numerical calculations and results are discussed in Chapter Nine. Chapter Ten describes the parameters of the two-stroke engine with a direct fuel injection carried out at the Cracow University of Technology. Additionally, the chapter presents CFD simulations of fuel propagation and combustion processes, taking into account the formation of toxic components and exhaust gas emission. The processes of two direct rich mixture injection systems FAST and RMIS developed in CUT are presented in Chapter Eleven. Miscellaneous problems of direct fuel injection, such as characteristics of fuel injectors, problems of direct gaseous fuel injection, and the application of fuelling systems in outboard engines and snowmobile vehicles are presented in Chapter Twelve. A comparison of working parameters in two- and four stroke engines is also mapped out. The last chapters contain the final conclusions and remarks concerning fuel injection and emission of exhaust gases in small two-stroke engines. This book is a comprehensive monograph on fuel injection. The author presents a series of theoretical and design information from his own experience and on the basis of the works of other authors. The main text intends to direct fuel injection with respect to gas motion in the combustion chamber and influence the injection parameters for exhaust emission. The book presents its own theoretical work and experimental tests concerning a two-stroke gasoline engine with electrically controlled direct fuel injection. The book describes the processes of a general nature also occurring in other types of engines and presents a comparison of different injection systems on working parameters and gas emission. The book contains 294 images, 290 equations and 16 tables obtained from the CFD simulation and experimental works.

Experimental studies of the penetration, break-up and atomization of transverse liquid and slurry jets were performed. All tests were with an air cross flow at Mach 3.0 with Po = 4 atm. and To = 300 deg K. The processes studied were: (1) the effects of injectant viscosity and surface tension, (2) the performance of an impinging jet injector and (3) the effects of particle loading for a slurry jet with 3-50 micrometer particles. The diffractively scattered light method was employed at these high-density, supersonic conditions to study droplet sizes. The major results are, (1) mean droplet size is approximately 10 microns for injectors of 0.05 in., (2) it has an inverse relation with jet/free stream dynamic pressure ratio, (3) it has a direct relation with orifice diameter, (4) it decreases downstream, (5) transverse variation has no simple pattern and (6) droplet size increases with viscosity.