Initial Tests Of Crude Oil Fouling On A Finned Tube Test Section

With production from unconventional rigs continuing to escalate and refineries grappling with the challenges of shale and heavier oil feedstocks, petroleum engineers and refinery managers must ensure that equipment used with today’s crude oil is protected from fouling deposits Crude Oil Fouling addresses this overarching challenge for the petroleum community with clear explanations on what causes fouling, current models and new approaches to evaluate and study the formation of deposits, and how today’s models could be applied from lab experiment to onsite field usability for not just the refinery, but for the rig, platform, or pipeline. Crude Oil Fouling is a must-have reference for every petroleum engineer’s library that gives the basic framework needed to analyze, model, and integrate the best fouling strategies and operations for crude oil systems. Defines the most critical variables and events that cause fouling Explains the consequences of fouling and its impact on operations, safety, and economics Provides the technical models available to better predict and eliminate the potential for fouling in any crude system

Process Heat Transfer is a reference on the design and implementation of industrial heat exchangers. It provides the background needed to understand and master the commercial software packages used by professional engineers in the design and analysis of heat exchangers. This book focuses on types of heat exchangers most widely used by industry: shell-and-tube exchangers (including condensers, reboilers and vaporizers), air-cooled heat exchangers and double-pipe (hairpin) exchangers. It provides a substantial introduction to the design of heat exchanger networks using pinch technology, the most efficient strategy used to achieve optimal recovery of heat in industrial processes. Utilizes leading commercial software. Get expert HTRI Xchanger Suite guidance, tips and tricks previously available via high cost professional training sessions. Details the development of initial configuration for a heat exchanger and how to systematically modify it to obtain an efficient final design. Abundant case studies and rules of thumb, along with copious software examples, provide a complete library of reference designs and heuristics for readers to base their own designs on.

This comprehensive reference covers important aspects of heat exchangers (HEs): design and modes of operation and practical, large-scale applications in process, power, petroleum, transport, air conditioning, refrigeration, cryogenics, heat recovery, energy, and other industries. This second edition includes over 400 drawings, diagrams, tables, and equations, includes updated material throughout; coverage of the latest advances in HE design techniques; expanded and updated coverage of materials selection; and a look at the newest fabrication techniques.

The fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil were investigated in a systematic investigation. There are two main parts in this study, the dry bulk tests (dehydrated crude oil) and the wet bulk tests (to which desalter brine was added). Three barrels of desalted crude oil provided by Amoco Oil Company were studied. For the dry bulk tests, no brine was added to the crude oil. The effects of fluid velocity and surface temperature on fouling were investigated. The higher the surface temperature the greater the fouling was observed. Fouling decreased with an increase of fluid velocity. Fluid velocity had a stronger effect on fouling at low surface temperatures than at high surface temperatures. It was also observed that the fouling behavior of crude oil depended on small difference in composition. The threshold surface temperatures for the initiation of fouling were 400-450 °F (3.0 ft/sec), 525-550 °F (5.5 ft/sec), 550-600 °F (8.0 ft/sec) and about 600 °F (10.0 ft/sec) for Barrel No. 2 and Barrel No. 3. For Barrel No. 1 however, the threshold surface temperatures were about 550 °F (3.0 ft/sec) and 600 °F (5.5 ft/sec). For the wet bulk tests, a certain amount desalter brine (weight percentage = 0.8%) was added to the crude oil for each run. The effects of fluid velocity, surface temperature and the presence of brine on fouling were investigated. Higher surface temperature enhanced fouling considerably. Fouling was reduced as fluid velocity was increased. It was shown that brine had a strong effect on fouling. No fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature of 350 °F which was a condition for which an aqueous phase was present and the salt remained in solution. Significant fouling occurred for velocities of 5.5 and 8.0 ft/sec at a surface temperature operated at a low 400 °F (Tb = 300 °F) which was a condition for which the aqueous phase at the heat transfer surface was dissolved or boiled to extinction and the salt was deposited on the heat transfer surface.