Informe De La Reunion Del Grupo Consultivo De La Ops Para La Promocion De La Salud Y La Prevencion De Las Enfermedades No Transmisibles Ent

The North American Mosaic has four overarching features. First, it is, to the extent feasible, based on comparable information on the status and trends of major indicators of the state of the environment in Canada,Mexico, and the United States. Second, the report confirms that these three countries together make up an incredibly complex, dynamic, and interconnected ecosystem in which humans play a dominant and decisive role. Third, the report raises important and sometimes disquieting questions concerning the sustainability of some current trends. Finally, the report is a reminder that our economic, social, and physical well-being are utterly dependent on the life-sustaining services provided by nature. This report emphasizes the importance of developing mutually compatible economic, social, and environmental goals and policies across the three-country region.

The understanding that some pesticides are more hazardous than others is well established. Recognition of this is reflected by the World Health Organization (WHO) Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard, which was first published in 1975. The document classifies pesticides in one of five hazard classes according to their acute toxicity. In 2002, the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) was introduced, which in addition to acute toxicity also provides classification of chemicals according to their chronic health hazards and environmental hazards.

This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.

Rev. ed. of: Health education planning / Lawrence W. Green. 1st ed.

After Francisco Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War, a great many of the country's intellectuals went into exile in Mexico. During the three and a half decades of Francoist dictatorship, these exiles held that the Republic, not Francoism, represented the authentic culture of Spain. In this environment, as Sebastiaan Faber argues in Exile and Cultural Hegemony, the Spaniards' conception of their role as intellectuals changed markedly over time. The first study of its kind to place the exiles' ideological evolution in a broad historical context, Exile and Cultural Hegemony takes into account developments in both Spanish and Mexican politics from the early 1930s through the 1970s. Faber pays particular attention to the intellectuals' persistent nationalism and misplaced illusions of pan-Hispanist grandeur, which included awkward and ironic overlaps with the rhetoric employed by their enemies on the Francoist right. This embrace of nationalism, together with the intellectuals' dependence on the increasingly authoritarian Mexican regime and the international climate of the Cold War, eventually caused them to abandon the Gramscian ideal of the intellectual as political activist in favor of a more liberal, apolitical stance preferred by, among others, the Spanish philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset. With its comprehensive approach to topics integral to Spanish culture, both students of and those with a general interest in twentieth-century Spanish literature, history, or culture will find Exile and Cultural Hegemony a fascinating and groundbreaking work.

A state-of-the-art review of what is currently known about the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in elderly people and the possibilities for prevention. Noting that little attention has been given to the problem of cardiovascular diseases in this age group, the report aims to highlight opportunities for prevention while also underscoring the medical social and economic implications of increased longevity and the corresponding increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Both population-based approaches to prevention and strategies for reaching high-risk individuals are considered. Areas where knowledge is weak and research is urgently needed are also indicated. The report has six main sections. The first on demographic trends summarizes key characteristics of the elderly population in various parts of the world discusses the current and projected size of the elderly population and describes changes in life expectancy over the past four years. A profile of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly is provided in the second section, which includes information on the global burden of cardiovascular diseases trends in mortality rates and possible explanations, the most important cardiovascular diseases affecting the elderly, and eight principal risk factors. The third and most extensive section reviews health policy options for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in elderly people and discusses their relative cost-effectiveness. Emphasis is placed on lifestyle approaches and on the medical management of risk factors. The remaining sections discuss opportunities for rehabilitation and establish guidelines for the development of health policies aimed at the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the elderly.