Holographic Microscopy Of Phase Microscopic Objects

The book presents a clear and comprehensive review of the current status of the holographic microscopy with discussion of the positive and negative features of classical and holographic methods for solving the problem of three-dimesional (3D) imaging of phase microscopic objects. Classical and holographic methods of phase, interference and polarization contrast are discussed. Combination of the developed holographic methods with the methods of digital image processing allowed creating the digital holographic interference microscope (DHIM). The first 3D images of native phase microscopic objects such as blood cells were obtained using the DHIM. The results of DHIM application for study of blood erythrocytes, thin films, micro-crystals are presented.

This book presents a clear and comprehensive review of the current status of three-dimensional (3D) digital holographic imaging of phase microscopic objects, with insightful discussions on the positive and negative features of classical, electronic and holographic microscopy. The technical details and results of the restoration of the 3D shapes of red blood cells, bacteria, yeasts, thin films and other micro-objects are presented. The physical background of the method was substantiated by the authors in 1989 and in 1998, the very first digital holographic interference microscope was developed. Clear evidence of the pathological flattened shape of the erythrocytes relevant to different pathologies is given by detailed measurements on the 3D images. Based on the model of the erythrocyte as a liquid-filled, charged, and viscoelastic shell reinforced by skeleton, numerical computations of the equilibrium shapes of human erythrocytes are made, and the results are analyzed and compared to the 3D visualization data

This book deals with the latest achievements in the field of optical coherent microscopy. While many other books exist on microscopy and imaging, this book provides a unique resource dedicated solely to this subject. Similarly, many books describe applications of holography, interferometry and speckle to metrology but do not focus on their use for microscopy. The coherent light microscopy reference provided here does not focus on the experimental mechanics of such techniques but instead is meant to provide a users manual to illustrate the strengths and capabilities of developing techniques. The areas of application of this technique are in biomedicine, medicine, life sciences, nanotechnology and materials sciences.

Building up from the basic principles of optics, this straightforward introduction to digital holography, aimed at graduate students, engineers and researchers, describes modern techniques and applications, plus all the necessary underlying theory. Supporting Matlab code is available for download online, and homework problems are accompanied by an instructor solution manual.

Holography - Basic Principles and Contemporary Applications is a collection of fifteen chapters, describing the basic principles of holography and some recent innovative developments in the field. The book is divided into three sections. The first, Understanding Holography, presents the principles of hologram recording illustrated with practical examples. A comprehensive review of diffraction in volume gratings and holograms is also presented. The second section, Contemporary Holographic Applications, is concerned with advanced applications of holography including sensors, holographic gratings, white-light viewable holographic stereograms. The third section of the book Digital Holography is devoted to digital hologram coding and digital holographic microscopy.

The measurement and characterisation of surface topography is crucial to modern manufacturing industry. The control of areal surface structure allows a manufacturer to radically alter the functionality of a part. Examples include structuring to effect fluidics, optics, tribology, aerodynamics and biology. To control such manufacturing methods requires measurement strategies. There is now a large range of new optical techniques on the market, or being developed in academia, that can measure areal surface topography. Each method has its strong points and limitations. The book starts with introductory chapters on optical instruments, their common language, generic features and limitations, and their calibration. Each type of modern optical instrument is described (in a common format) by an expert in the field. The book is intended for both industrial and academic scientists and engineers, and will be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate studies.

A traditional microscope is not capable of imaging phase object or three dimensional object. Computational Microscopy is proposed to address these two limitations. In Computational Microscopy, the sample is under coherent illumination and the intensities of the diffracted light are recorded by a detector system (CCD camera in most cases). The recorded information is then numerically processed by computer to retrieve the complex field scattered by the object from which the quantitative properties of the object are reconstructed. Three dimensional imaging via Computational Microscopy is performed by illuminating the semi-transparent object from multiple directions and solving the inverse scattering problem via techniques of Optical Diffraction Tomography(ODT). Digital holographic microscopy(DHM) discussed in this thesis is a synthetic implementation of the Computational Microscopy and employs phase-shifting digital holography for phase retrieval. Different experimental schemes were tested and three numerical back-propagation methods were implemented for back-propagating the complex wave from measurement plane to near field. The most emphasized part of the thesis is the research in the algorithms for ODT. An inverse scattering algorithm based on distorted wave approximation for the geometry of ODT is introduced. We implement the algorithm to two Optical Diffraction Tomography configurations: free space and cylindrical symmetric background. For free space case both near field and far field inverse scattering problems are studied. For cylindrical symmetric background inverse scattering based on Distorted Wave Born Approximation and Distorted Wave Rytov Approximation are discussed and compared via computer simulation. In addition, an inverse scattering algorithm based on ray tracing is derived based on the similar idea. Experimental results are presented in which we have successfully reconstructed transmission functions of 2D semi-transparent objects and refractive index profile of a step index optical fiber.

Digital holography is an emerging field of new paradigm in general imaging applications. The book presents an introduction to the theoretical and numerical principles and reviews the research and development activities in digital holography, with emphasis on the microscopy techniques and applications. Topics covered include the general theory of diffraction and holography formations, and practical instrumentation and experimentation of digital holography. Various numerical techniques are described that give rise to the unique and versatile capabilities of digital holography. Representative special techniques and applications of digital holography are discussed. The book is intended for researchers interested in developing new techniques and exploring new applications of digital holography.

Proceedings of the14th European Microscopy Congress, held in Aachen, Germany, 1-5 September 2008. Jointly organised by the European Microscopy Society (EMS), the German Society for Electron Microscopy (DGE) and the local microscopists from RWTH Aachen University and the Research Centre Jülich, the congress brings together scientists from Europe and from all over the world. The scientific programme covers all recent developments in the three major areas of instrumentation and methods, materials science and life science.

This book describes algorithms and hardware implementations of computer holography, especially in terms of fast calculation. It summarizes the basics of holography and computer holography and describes how conventional diffraction calculations play a central role. Numerical implementations by actual codes will also be discussed. This book will explain new fast diffraction calculations, such as scaled scalar diffraction. Computer Holography will also explain acceleration algorithms for computer-generated hologram (CGH) generation and digital holography with 3D objects composed of point clouds, using look-up table- (LUT) based algorithms, and a wave front recording plane. 3D objects composed of polygons using tilted plane diffraction, expressed by multi-view images and RGB-D images, will be explained in this book. Digital holography, including inline, off-axis, Gabor digital holography, and phase shift digital holography, will also be explored. This book introduces applications of computer holography, including phase retrieval algorithm, holographic memory, holographic projection, and deep learning in computer holography, while explaining hardware implementations for computer holography. Recently, several parallel processors have been released (for example, multi-core CPU, GPU, Xeon Phi, and FPGA). Readers will learn how to apply algorithms to these processors. Features Provides an introduction of the basics of holography and computer holography Summarizes the latest advancements in computer-generated holograms Showcases the latest researchers of digital holography Discusses fast CGH algorithms and diffraction calculations, and their actual codes Includes hardware implementation for computer holography, and its actual codes and quasi-codes