History Of Monetary Policy In India Since Independence

The book discusses Indian post-independence monetary history in the context of the country’s development and the global changes of the period. The conceptual framework used is the SIIO (Structure, Ideas, Institutions and Outcomes) paradigm. That is, structure and ideas become embedded in institutions and affect outcomes. Narrative history, data analysis and research reports demonstrate the dialectic between ideas and structure with respect to monetary history, aspects of India’s development, and the global institutions and events that impacted monetary choices. The history of the economy and of the global changes that affected it covers a time when major changes took place both in India and internationally. India’s greater openness is important both for it and for the world, but it occurred at a time of major global crises. How did these impact monetary choices and how did the latter help India navigate the crises while maintaining its trajectory towards greater liberalization? The book explores these and other relevant but under-analyzed questions. The initial combination of ideas and structure created fiscal dominance and made monetary policy procyclical. An aggregate supply-and-demand framework derived from forward-looking optimization subject to Indian structural constraints is able to explain growth and inflation outcomes in the light of policy actions. Using exogenous supply shocks to identify policy shocks and to isolate their effects, demonstrate that policy was sometimes exceedingly strict despite the common perception of a large monetary overhang. Surges and sudden stops in capital flow also constrained policy. But the three factors that cause a loss of monetary autonomy—governments, markets and openness—moderate each other. Markets moderate fiscal profligacy and global crises moderate market freedoms and ensure openness remains a sequenced and gradual process. The book argues greater current congruence between ideas and structure is improving institutions and contributing to India’s potential.

This book presents research that applies contemporary monetary theory and state-of-the-art econometric methods to the analysis of the monetary and financial aspects of the Indian economy and the impact of monetary policy on economic performance. Indian monetary policy has attracted significant attention from Indian and international macroeconomists over the last several years. Interest in how monetary policy influences economic performance and how monetary policy is conducted in India is growing. The prospects for further financial sector reform and ongoing inflation in India have sparked new interest in the role of money and monetary policy in India among economists, policy makers and students alike. The book should also interest economists outside India because it studies monetary economics in a major emerging market economy and makes advances in the analysis of how financial market imperfections and structural constraints influence the effects of monetary policy.

Ever since Shaw and McKinnon published their path-breaking works on financial development in 1973, there has been extensive research on the effects of monetary and financial policies on economic growth of developing countries. This book puts forward a new paradigm of monetary development theory along Keynesian lines. The approach is substantiated by providing a fresh perspective on India's economic development after Independence.

Money, banking, and finance are at the heart of an economic system. This book examines the evolution and present structure of the monetary, banking, and financial system of India, with a focus on post-1991 period. The book is organized into three parts. Part I deals with forms and functions of money (including e-money), the role of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in monetary and credit management, and the evolution of monetary policy in India since independence in 1947. Part II describes and critically examines the functioning of various banking institutions, covering: commercial banks, regional rural banks, urban co-operative banks, rural co-operative credit institutions, and development banks. Three additional financial organizations are covered, including non-banking financial companies, mutual funds, and insurance organizations. Part III begins with the role of the financial system in economic development. It traces the evolution of India's financial system since independence and explains its present structure. It focuses on the reform measures introduced in the money market, government securities market, capital market, corporate debt market, credit market, and foreign exchange market.

ABOUT THE BOOK This book provides a comprehensive description and analysis of developments in various sectors of the Indian economy since Independence. It particularly focuses on the following sectors: agriculture, industry, fiscal policy, money and prices, banking and finance, and foreign trade. Year-wise (1947-48 to 2008-09) review of developments in these sectors of the economy is another key feature of the book. It also provides time-series data on Indian economy. The work is organised into 8 parts. Part I is introductory in nature, tracing the main developments in the Indian economy since Independence in 1947. Part II traces the developments in Indian agriculture during the post-Independence period and examines current issues pertaining to this vital sector of the Indian economy. Part III is devoted to Indian industry. It records changes in industrial policy during the post-Independence period, explains the key reform measures undertaken for making Indian industry internationally competitive and examines current issues pertaining to this sector. Part IV covers fiscal policy. It provides an account of fiscal developments in India since Independence and explains the fiscal policy reforms during the post-liberalisation period with particular emphasis on tax reforms. Part V traces the evolution of India?s monetary policy and price policy. Part VI deals with banking and finance. It explains developments in India?s financial system with particular emphasis on post-1991 reforms. Part VII describes and examines changes in the pattern of foreign trade since Independence, with focus on developments since 1991. Part VIII contains time-series data on the Indian economy. The book is designed to interest a cross-section of readers, viz. teachers and students of economics, commerce, law, public administration, business management, chartered accountancy and company secretaryship. It will also serve the needs of legislators, business executives, entrepreneurs and investors, and others interested in the developments in the Indian economy.

Provides an in-depth overview of the Federal Reserve System, including information about monetary policy and the economy, the Federal Reserve in the international sphere, supervision and regulation, consumer and community affairs and services offered by Reserve Banks. Contains several appendixes, including a brief explanation of Federal Reserve regulations, a glossary of terms, and a list of additional publications.

Asian economies strengthened their monetary and currency management after the Asian financial crisis of 19971998, and came through the global financial crisis of 20072009 relatively well. Nevertheless, the recent global crisis has presented new challenges. This book develops recommendations for monetary and currency policy in Asian economies aimed at promoting macroeconomic and financial stability in an environment of global economic shocks and volatile capital flows. Monetary and Currency Policy Management in Asia draws lessons from crises and makes concrete macroeconomic policy recommendations aimed at minimizing the impacts of an economic and financial downturn, and setting the stage for an early return to sustainable growth. The focus is on short-term measures related to the cycle. The three main areas addressed are: monetary policy measures, both conventional and unconventional, to achieve both macroeconomic and financial stability; exchange rate policy and foreign exchange reserve management, including the potential for regional cooperation to stabilize currency movements; and ways to ease the constraints on policy resulting from the so-called 'impossible trinity' of fixed exchange rates, open capital accounts and independent monetary policy. This is one of the first books since the global financial crisis to specifically and comprehensively address the implications of the crisis for monetary and currency policy in emerging market economies, especially in Asia. Presenting a broad menu of policy options for financial reform and regulation, the book will be of great interest to finance experts and policymakers in the region as well as academics and researchers of financial and Asian economics as well as economic development.