Growth And Convergence When Technology And Human Capital Are Complements

This article presents a model of endogenous growth, in which a firm's technology and a country's human capital stock are complementary in the production of output. Production technologies are created by costly research and development (R&D) and are owned by firms that can freely choose where in the world to produce. Both production and R&D have a positive effect on a country's human capital stock. While all countries typically grow at the same rate in the long run, they differ in their levels of human capital, per capita output, and the quality of the technologies that are used in production. A country's relative position in terms of productivity is history dependent. Countries that start out with a lower human capital stock or industrialize later end up with a lower per capita GDP in long-term equilibrium.

In today’s world, globalization bears intense interdependencies between countries, and the impact global business transactions have on society and economics is more palpable than ever. Despite this, many developing countries in the global market find themselves struggling to support perpetual population growth. These countries must find ways to attain sustainable development in the economic, social, and environmental sectors. International Perspectives on Socio-Economic Development in the Era of Globalization seeks to examine the existing variability of development in the global marketplace and to identify the catalysts responsible for this disparity of success. This title analyzes the economic frontiers, social norms, and infrastructural capabilities that factor into the socio-economic growth of the developing and under-developed world. This book will become a definitive text for policy makers, academics, students, and business executives.

Organizations of all types are consistently working on new initiatives, product lines, or implementation of new workflows as a way to remain competitive in the modern business environment. No matter the type of project at hand, employing the best methods for effective execution and timely completion of the task at hand is essential to project success. Project Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications presents the latest research and practical solutions for managing every stage of the project lifecycle. Emphasizing emerging concepts, real-world examples, and authoritative research on managing project workflows and measuring project success in both private and public sectors, this multi-volume reference work is a critical addition to academic, government, and corporate libraries. It is designed for use by project coordinators and managers, business executives, researchers, and graduate-level students interested in putting research-based solutions into practice for effective project management.

Human capital appears to be at the core of business strategies helping firms to recover from the catastrophic effects of COVID19 and bounce back effectively. The book in hand provides a diverse view of the human capital, its multifaceted role and application in an organization. The book also offers a comprehensive analysis on the role of human capital in industry 4.0, firm internationalization, and organizational ambidexterity and outlines strategies for the firm to improve its human capital readiness, keeping in view the contemporary business dynamics. A very simple and focused approach has been adopted through the book to make it readable for the people from the diverse fields. The book also focuses upon the conceptualizations and measurements of human capital in order to offer conceptual clarity of human capital to readers. A central focus of the book is how human capital interacts with and complements other organizational resources and technological developments. The book will be extremely useful for top-tier managers, researchers, academicians, consultants, and practitioners interested in gaining a current, relevant, and diverse perspective on human capital, its dimensions, and development.

We examine the mechanism by which human capital affects economic growth and convergence, using provincial level panel data from China. We specify alternative measures of human capital and apply them to an enhanced growth model which we estimate parametrically, nonparametrically, and with a threshold model. Our results show that economic convergence is pronouncedly conditional on human capital across all our measures of human capital. The positive "benefit of being backward" due to lower initial income is almost trumped by the negative impact of low levels of human capital among the poorest areas.

Technological advance is the key driving force behind economic growth, argues Richard Nelson. Drawing on a deep knowledge of economic and technological history as well as the tools of economic analysis, he exposes the intimate connections among government policies, science-based universities, and the growth of technology.

This paper examines the relationship among human capital, total factor productivity growth and convergence using international panel data on macroeconomic indicators and educational attainment. It explicitly allows for the heterogeneity in technology growth across countries by use of the stochastic Solow model and dynamic panel estimation techniques. Thus the convergence in this paper is toward the steady state of the individual country, not toward the common steady state for all nations in the data set as in the existing literature. It reports the findings as follows. First, heterogeneity in technology growth across countries, which has been typically assumed to be nonexistent in the growth literature, is found to be prominent. Second, the average estimates of convergence rates are between 27% and 32% per annum, which are much higher than those reported in the researches using cross-section data. Third, the model with human capital proxied by various educational attainment measures gives higher convergence rate estimates than the model without it. Fourth, the average estimates for technology growth are higher in the model with human capital than in the model without it. Fifth, it estimates the structural equation in which human capital levels can influence total factor productivity growth by domestic endogenous innovation and technological catch-up effects. It finds that the catch-up effect is stronger than the domestic innovation effect.