From Additive Manufacturing To 3d 4d Printing 1

In 1984, additive manufacturing represented a new methodology for manipulating matter, consisting of harnessing materials and/or energy to create three-dimensional physical objects. Today, additive manufacturing technologies represent a market of around 5 billion euros per year, with an annual growth between 20 and 30%. Different processes, materials and dimensions (from nanometer to decameter) within additive manufacturing techniques have led to 70,000 publications on this topic and to several thousand patents with applications as wide-ranging as domestic uses. Volume 1 of this series of books presents these different technologies with illustrative industrial examples. In addition to the strengths of 3D methods, this book also covers their weaknesses and the developments envisaged in terms of incremental innovations to overcome them.

In 1984, additive manufacturing represented a new methodology for manipulating matter, consisting of harnessing materials and/or energy to create three-dimensional physical objects. Today, additive manufacturing technologies represent a market of around 5 billion euros per year, with an annual growth between 20 and 30%. Different processes, materials and dimensions (from nanometer to decameter) within additive manufacturing techniques have led to 70,000 publications on this topic and to several thousand patents with applications as wide-ranging as domestic uses. Volume 1 of this series of books presents these different technologies with illustrative industrial examples. In addition to the strengths of 3D methods, this book also covers their weaknesses and the developments envisaged in terms of incremental innovations to overcome them.

4D-Printed Smart Materials and Structures: Mechanics, Modeling, and Advanced Engineering Applications provides a thorough introduction to the fundamentals of the mechanics, manufacturing, modeling, and applications of 4D printed smart materials and structures. Divided into two sections, the book starts by covering the basic theories, definitions, and fabrication details of 4D printing and various smart materials such as shape memory polymers, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, pneumatic soft actuators, dielectric elastomer soft robots, liquid crystal elastomers, shape memory alloys, and magnetic stimulus structures. The second part then examines the mechanics of these materials and their various applications, covering topics such as variable stiffness, miniature-sized 4D printing, and bi-stable and multi-stable mechanisms. The book also includes a chapter on machine learning in 4D printing and provides applications in mechanical, aerospace, civil, and structural engineering, among others.

Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing, Volume 1 provides readers with an overview of the current smart materials widely in use and the techniques for additively manufacturing them. It demonstrates the principles developed for 4D printing in a way that is useful for students, early career researchers, and professionals. Topics covered include modeling and fabrication of 4D printed materials such as dielectric elastomer soft robots, low-voltage electroactive polymers, and stimuli-responsive hydrogels. 4D printing of light-responsive structures, gels and soft materials, and natural fiber composites are also discussed, as is origami-inspired 4D printing, 4D microprinting, and reversible 4D printing. 4D bioprinting and related biomedical applications are outlined as well as functionalized 4D printed sensor systems. Key Features:* Discusses 4D printed shape memory polymers, shape memory alloys, natural fibers, and hydrogels* Covers various types of stimuli, fabrication techniques, multi-physics modeling, and control strategies for 4D printing* Explores 4D printing of dielectric elastomers, liquid crystal elastomers, and electroactive polymers Covers the mechanics, manufacturing processes and applications of 4D-printed smart materials and structures Discusses applications in civil, mechanical, aerospace, polymer and biomedical engineering Presents experimental, numerical and analytical studies in a simple and straightforward manner, providing tools that can be immediately implemented and adapted by readers to fit their work

Any time objects and their (self-)organization are to be put into use, their models and methods of thinking as well as their designing and manufacturing need to be reinvented. 4D printing is a future technology that is capable of bringing 3D objects to life. This ability, which gives objects the power to change shape or properties over time through energy stimulation from active materials and additive manufacturing, makes it possible to envisage technological breakthroughs while challenging the relationship between people and objects. 4D Printing 1 presents the different facets of this technology, providing an objective, critical and even disruptive viewpoint to enable its existence and development, and to stimulate the creative drive that industry, society and humanity need in the perpetual quest for evolution and transformation.

Additive manufacturing, which was first invented in France and then applied in the United States, is now 33 years old and represents a market of around 5 billion euros per year, with annual growth of between 20 and 30%. Today, additive manufacturing is experiencing a great amount of innovation in its processes, software, engineering and materials used. Its strength as a process has more recently allowed for the exploration of new niches, ranging from applications at nanometer and decameter scales, to others in mechanics and health. As a result, the limitations of the process have also begun to emerge, which include the quality of the tools, their cost of manufacture, the multi-material aspects, functionalities and surface conditions. Volume 2 of this series presents the current techniques, improvements and limits of additive manufacturing, providing an up-to-date review of this process.

Additive manufacturing, which was first invented in France and then applied in the United States, is now 33 years old and represents a market of around 5 billion euros per year, with annual growth of between 20 and 30%. Today, additive manufacturing is experiencing a great amount of innovation in its processes, software, engineering and materials used. Its strength as a process has more recently allowed for the exploration of new niches, ranging from applications at nanometer and decameter scales, to others in mechanics and health. As a result, the limitations of the process have also begun to emerge, which include the quality of the tools, their cost of manufacture, the multi-material aspects, functionalities and surface conditions. Volume 2 of this series presents the current techniques, improvements and limits of additive manufacturing, providing an up-to-date review of this process.

With a turnover of some 5-15 billion € / year, the additive manufacturing has industrial niches bearers thanks to processes and materials more and more optimized. While some niches still exist on the application of additive techniques in traditional fields (from jewelery to food for example), several trends emerge, using new concepts: collective production, realization of objects at once (without addition Of material), micro-fluidic, 4D printing exploiting programmable materials and materials, bio-printing, etc. There are both opportunities for new markets, promises not envisaged less than 10 years ago, but difficulties in reaching them.