Formulae For Determining Carringtons Elements And Differential Solar Rotation

The Sun is nowadays observed using di?erent techniques that provide an almost instantaneous 3-D map of its structure. Of particular interest is the studyofthevariabilityinthesolaroutputproducedbythedissipationofm- netic energy on di?erent spatial and temporal scales – the so-called magnetic activity. The 11-year cycle is the main feature describing this phenomenon. Apart from its intrinsic scienti?c interest, this topic is worth studying because of the interaction of such processes with the terrestrial environment. A ?eet of space and ground-based observatories are currently monitoring the behaviour of our star on a daily basis. However, solar activity varies not only on this decadal time-scale, as has been attested mainly through two methods: (a) records of the number of sunspots observed on the solar surface from 1610, and (b) the records of 14 10 cosmogenic isotopes, such as Cand Be, measured in tree-rings and i- cores, respectively. The study of the long-term behaviour of solar activity may be comp- mented by the study of historical accounts describing phenomena directly or indirectly related to solar activity. Numerous scienti?c and non-scienti?c d- uments have reported these events and we can make use of them as a proxy of solar activity in past times.

This collection of papers offers a timely snapshot of helio- and asteroseismology in the era when SOHO/MDI instrument is about to be replaced by SDO/HMI and when the CoRoT space mission is yielding its first long-duration light curves of thousands of stars.

IAU Symposium 257 contains a collection of articles presented on 'Universal Heliophysical Processes', the unifying theme of the International Heliophysical Year (2007) which marked the 50th anniversary of the birth of space science. The focus of IAU S257 was on the universality of physical processes in the Solar System directly influenced by the Sun through its mass and electromagnetic emissions. The contributions deal with short and long term variability of the Sun: shocks, energetic particles, and magnetic storms directly linked to the mass emission, and climate effects due to the Sun's electromagnetic emissions. The discussion also includes topics such as the connection between solar mass emissions and galactic cosmic rays, as well as solar-stellar connections. This volume, assembling the diverse developments in space science of the past 50 years and the important topics of current interest, provides an invaluable summary for researchers in solar physics, and space and planetary science.

First Published in 1989. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.