Fabrication And Size Control Of Gold Nanoparticles By Laser Ablation

This book focuses on the fundamental concepts and physical and chemical aspects of pulsed laser ablation of solid targets in liquid environments and its applications in the preparation of nanomaterials and fabrication of nanostructures. The areas of focus include basic thermodynamic and kinetic processes of laser ablation in liquids, and its applic

Due to their attractive electronic, optical, and thermal properties; gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged with great interest, as well as catalytic properties, in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, material science and some interdisciplinary fields. This book examines a broad range of applications of gold nanoparticles such as: gold nanoparticles as an antigen carrier and as an adjuvant; laser synthesis of gold nanoparticles and the control over their properties; gold on carbon catalysts; gold nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle in biomedical applications; solution and solid-state methods to prepare Au nanoparticles; gold nanoparticles and their in-vitro property, the usefulness of gold nanoparticles in emerging infectious disease situations and a host of others.

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Laser-Based Nano Fabrication and Nano Lithography" that was published in Nanomaterials

Throughout the previous decade, extensive advancements have been made in the field of nanomaterial synthesis via laser ablation synthesis in solution (LASiS). In this technique, a solid target is ablated using high-intensity pulsed laser irradiation while immersed in a liquid. This "green" technique allows ligand-free nanoparticles (Nps) to be fabricated without the need for environmentally harmful solvents, paving the way for the production of chemically pure surface coatings. LASiS allows for an in-situ, single-step and post-production surface functionalization, enabling its use in areas such as chemical separation, biosensing, cellular labelling, display technology. Despite these advances, the challenge of reliable production scale-up from batch to continuous production has yet to be realized. A current approach to LASiS scale-up has been to increase average laser power, while minimizing pulse width, resulting in an increased nanoparticle production rate. However, this route on its own has struggled to bridge the commercialization gap with chemical techniques due to the high capital costs of high-power laser systems. In this work, LASiS scale-up has been implemented under continuous flow conditions using low-powered micro-machining laser systems. A 3D printed Nps flow-cell reactor was developed, along with the application of real-time monitoring and control tools to enable autonomous nanoparticle production and characterization. The quality of nano-colloids produced was determined in real-time via atline process analyzers, including dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV-vis spectroscopy. At-line measurements were validated versus off-line characterization tools, including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Process optimization of the developed system yielded the highest Np production efficiencies to date in reported in literature for gold, silicon and zinc oxide nanoparticles. This work concludes that high-efficiency, low-cost laser systems can produce Nps that are comparable with wet chemical synthesis, while maintaining the environmental and functional advantages of the LASiS technique.

In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the synthesis, optical properties and applications for cancer treatment of gold nanoparticles. Topics discussed include the use of gold nanoparticles in cancer treatment and biomedical applications to target tumors and provide detection, drug carriers, gene silencing and radiotherapy; gold nanoparticle fabrication by laser ablation technique and their optical and morphological study; gold nanoparticles for metabolite imaging; formation of gold nanoparticles inside the corona of amphiphilic triblock copolymer micelles; and the intracellular delivery of gold nanoparticles and their application in nanomedicine.

Synthesis, Functionalization and Surface Treatment of Nanoparticles is an area of crucial importance in the emerging field of nanotechnology. Controlling the surface chemical composition and mastering its modification at the nanometer scale are critical issues for high-added value applications involving nanoparticles. The basic applications of surface functionalization range from altering the wetting or adhesion characteristics and improving the nanoparticles dispersion in matrices to enhancing the catalytic properties and ordering the interfacial region, and such. The creation of specific surface sites on nanoparticles for selective molecular attachment is considered a promising approach for their applications in nanofabrication, nanopatterning, selfassembly, nanosensors, bioprobes, drug delivery, pigments, photocatalysis, LEDs, etc. This book presents novel and improved synthesis methods and approaches for controlling and functionalizing the nanoparticle surfaces to enhance the overall performance of the nanoparticles for targeted applications.

Phytoglycogen is a naturally occurring glucose-based polymer that has promising applications in personal care, nutrition, and biomedicine. Gold nanoparticles were generated using two-step laser ablation in pure Milli-Q water (AuNP) and Milli-Q containing phytoglycogen (AuNP-Phg) and characterized for size, shape, and nanoparticle concentration. AuNP showed a unimodal distribution of diameters, peaked at 8.8 nm, but AuNP-Phg showed a bimodal distribution: smaller particles, peaked at 4.1 nm, had their growth limited by phytoglycogen; and larger particles, peaked at 7.9 nm, grew unhindered. AuNP, AuNP-Phg and AuNP mixed with phytoglycogen (AuNP+Phg) were used to catalyze the reduction of 4-nitrophenol using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The dispersions had similar k, K_NP and K_BH4; however, the average surface-normalized apparent rate constant was smaller and the induction period was larger for AuNP+Phg compared to AuNP and AuNP-Phg. This suggests that phytoglycogen associates with the gold nanoparticles, preventing the reagent from reaching the catalytic site.

There is a high demand for antimicrobials for the treatment of new and emerging microbial diseases. In particular, microbes developing multidrug resistance have created a pressing need to search for a new generation of antimicrobial agents, which are effective, safe and can be used for the cure of multidrug-resistant microbial infections. Nano-antimicrobials offer effective solutions for these challenges; the details of these new technologies are presented here. The book includes chapters by an international team of experts. Chemical, physical, electrochemical, photochemical and mechanical methods of synthesis are covered. Moreover, biological synthesis using microbes, an option that is both eco-friendly and economically viable, is presented. The antimicrobial potential of different nanoparticles is also covered, bioactivity mechanisms are elaborated on, and several applications are reviewed in separate sections. Lastly, the toxicology of nano-antimicrobials is briefly assessed.

This book explores the transformative potential of silver nanoparticles in combating bacterial infections, with a particular focus on their role in preventing the growth of multispecies biofilms crucial to oral implant development and addressing peri-implantitis. The journey begins with exploring the historical use of silver in medicine, tracing back to the time of Hippocrates and its subsequent relegation due to concerns over side effects. As we delve into the contemporary era, nanotechnology takes center stage. The most cutting-edge technology available today, nanotechnology, has found applications across various domains, including medicine. Silver nanoparticles, in particular, have emerged as a promising tool in the fight against MDR bacteria. The book navigates through the intricate world of silver nanoparticles, examining their synthesis through innovative techniques like laser ablation. Laser Ablation in Liquids (LAL) is explored as a green and eco-friendly synthetic method, allowing for the creation of pure nanoparticles without using additional chemicals.