Environmental And Natural Disaster Resilience Of Indonesia

This study aims at analyzing the resilience of Indonesia from two aspects: one is was natural disaster and the other is environmental protection. Therefore the study comprises two parts. The first aims at analyzing Palangkaraya City in Central Kalimantan Province by constructing apartial and a general equilibrium models; hence the existence of illegal settlements can be explained systematically. The models demonstrates a new attempt in city analysis by introducing the expected flood damage rate on households’ assets. Furthermore, a numerical simulation shows a new finding, namely, that the bid rent by representative low-income households in flood-prone areas canreceive higher than the bid rent by the representative high-income households. The second part examines (1) the provision of public goods such as road construction on the Maros–Watampone Road, and (2) the urban economics of Makassar City. In this second part, the analytic hierarchy process is applied to design efficiency with respect to selecting the best type of road construction in a conservation area. As a result, the elevated bridge is determined to be the most suitable type of construction, followed by cut-and-fill and the tunnel system. The second research approach uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that adds environmental objectives to urban economic objectives in Makassar City. The model examines the impact of the carbon tax based on the 2006 input–output table for Makassar City. The results of all simulations of the CGE model indicates that a carbon tax can reduce the volume of CO2 emissions by 8 %.

This book is a unique, transdisciplinary summary of the state of the art of disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Indonesia. It provides a comprehensive overview of disaster risk governance across all levels and multiple actors including diverse perspectives from practitioners and researchers on the challenges and progress of DRR in Indonesia. The book includes novel and emerging topics such as the role of culture, religion, psychology and the media in DRR. It is essential reading for students, researchers, and policy makers seeking to understand the nature and variety of environmental hazards and risk patterns affecting Indonesia. Following the introduction, the book has four main parts of key discussions. Part I presents disaster risk governance from national to local level and its integration into development sectors, Part II focuses on the roles of different actors for DRR, Part III discusses emerging issues in DRR research and practice, and Part IV puts forward variety of methods and studies to measure hazards, risks and community resilience.

Indonesia's history of disasters, and particularly the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004, triggered numerous changes not only to Indonesian disaster management and its associated legislative frameworks, but also to its community-based initiatives. The citizens face many challenges from diverse, complex and evolving hazards, emanating from geological, terrestrial, hydro-meteorological hazards, and climate change. This book discusses several ways in which strategies utilizing environmental, livelihood, social, and cultural resources can be used to develop effective disaster risk reduction designed to sustain social, cultural and economic life in Indonesia. A key focus is understanding the capabilities, processes and relationships of everyday life, and developing them to ensure that disaster reduction strategies can be incorporated into mainstream community life in urban, rural, and island settings. The following topics are featured: disaster reduction and developing an Indonesian perspective; the adaptation by farmers in dealing with climate change; promoting adaptive capacity of coastal communities to climate change; community resilience to the Mount Merapi volcanic disaster; community vulnerability to health and water hazards in Semarang; the mobility and livelihood of small islands; the national climate change perspective into flood management practice; food security, carbon management and climate risk reduction; water management strategy for resilience; cultural heritage to increase community resilience; local wisdom and community resilience; cultural drivers of disaster risk reduction behavior and the case of Pulau Simeulue; rethinking resilience, culture and disasters; community disaster recovery after the 2010 Mount Merapi eruption; seizing opportunities for change towards sustainability during disaster recovery and the case of Aceh, Indonesia; and the overall disaster reduction in Indonesia and moving forward. The purpose of this text is to highlight the importance of strategies that encompass the local, regional, and national levels of analysis which seeks to ensure all stakeholders play important roles in the development and implementation of disaster risk reduction strategies. This book will serve as an outstanding resource for practitioners and academics to adopt an integrative approach to develop the functional beliefs, knowledge, relationships and actions that Indonesia and its citizens need to thrive and prosper in increasingly hazardous times.

Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia presents the latest information on the intensity and frequency of disasters. Specifically, the fact that, in urban areas, more than 50% of the world's population is living on just 2% of the land surface, with most of these cities located in Asia and developing countries that have high vulnerability and intensification. The book offers an in-depth and multidisciplinary approach to reducing the impact of disasters by examining specific evidence from events in these areas that can be used to develop best practices and increase urban resilience worldwide. As urban resilience is largely a function of resilient and resourceful citizens, building cities which are more resilient internally and externally can lead to more productive economic returns. In an era of rapid urbanization and increasing disaster risks and vulnerabilities in Asian cities, Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia is an invaluable tool for policy makers, researchers, and practitioners working in both public and private sectors. Explores a broad range of aspects of disaster and urban resiliency, including environmental, economic, architectural, and engineering factors Bridges the gap between urban resilience and rural areas and community building Provides evidence-based data that can lead to improved disaster resiliency in urban Asia Focuses on Asian cities, some of the most densely populated areas on the planet, where disasters are particularly devastating

This edited volume reviews the latest advances in policies and actions in understanding the science, impacts and management of climate change in Indonesia. ​Indonesia is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change due to its geographical, physical, and social-economic situations. There are many initiatives to understand and deal with the impacts in the country. The national government has issued key guiding policies for climate change. International agencies together with local stakeholders are working on strengthening the capacity in the policy formulations and implement actions to build community resilience. Universities are conducting research on climate change related at different scales. Cities and local governments are implementing innovations in adapting to the impacts of climate change and transiting toward green economy. This book summarizes and discusses the state-of-the-art regarding climate change in Indonesia including adaptation and mitigation measures. The primary readership of the book includes policy makers, scientists and practitioners of climate change actions in Indonesia and other countries facing similar challenges. Chapter “Carbon Stocks from Peat Swamp Forest and Oil Palm Plantation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

'Economic losses from natural disasters totaled $92 billion in 2015.' Such statements, all too commonplace, assess the severity of disasters by no other measure than the damage inflicted on buildings, infrastructure, and agricultural production. But $1 in losses does not mean the same thing to a rich person that it does to a poor person; the gravity of a $92 billion loss depends on who experiences it. By focusing on aggregate losses—the traditional approach to disaster risk—we restrict our consideration to how disasters affect those wealthy enough to have assets to lose in the first place, and largely ignore the plight of poor people. This report moves beyond asset and production losses and shifts its attention to how natural disasters affect people’s well-being. Disasters are far greater threats to well-being than traditional estimates suggest. This approach provides a more nuanced view of natural disasters than usual reporting, and a perspective that takes fuller account of poor people’s vulnerabilities. Poor people suffer only a fraction of economic losses caused by disasters, but they bear the brunt of their consequences. Understanding the disproportionate vulnerability of poor people also makes the case for setting new intervention priorities to lessen the impact of natural disasters on the world’s poor, such as expanding financial inclusion, disaster risk and health insurance, social protection and adaptive safety nets, contingent finance and reserve funds, and universal access to early warning systems. Efforts to reduce disaster risk and poverty go hand in hand. Because disasters impoverish so many, disaster risk management is inseparable from poverty reduction policy, and vice versa. As climate change magnifies natural hazards, and because protection infrastructure alone cannot eliminate risk, a more resilient population has never been more critical to breaking the cycle of disaster-induced poverty.

Under the CAREC 2030 framework, a regional trade strategy will provide a more coherent approach to strengthen trade and enhance growth potential of CAREC countries. The CAREC Integrated Trade Agenda (CITA) 2030 aims to support CAREC countries in integrating further with the global economy through trade expansion from increased market access, greater diversification, and stronger institutions for trade. Taking into consideration the countries' capacities and varying levels of progress, CITA 2030 will be implemented in a phased and pragmatic approach including through a three-year rolling strategic action plan.

Disaster risk management is essential in the fight against poverty. Disasters can, in an instant, wipe out decades of hard-fought poverty reduction and development gains and push countless households into poverty. Disasters disproportionally affect the poor: Vulnerable and marginalized groups, including women, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities, are at particular risk. East Asia and the Pacific is the most disaster-stricken region in the world, suffering from small recurrent as well as rare high-impact events. East Asia is rapidly urbanizing, and cities are becoming disaster hotspots. Unplanned or poorly planned urbanization, which puts more people and assets in harm’s way, is the single largest driver of disaster risk. There is deep uncertainty about future disaster and climate risks, challenging our ability to adapt to new developments and changing the physical and natural environment. Decision makers can make a significant difference by effectively managing disaster risk and building resilience. With education and communication, preparedness, and investments, urbanization can be channeled as a tremendous positive force for development. By decreasing disaster exposure and vulnerability through systematic assessments and communication of risks, better land-use planning, and many other practical measures, the impacts of natural hazards can be reduced significantly. At the same time, it is necessary to recognize that the risks of disasters cannot be entirely eliminated, and countries need to plan for failure by considering different scenarios, especially within complex systems and networks. Preventive investments in risk reduction and emergency preparedness can be extremely cost-effective and can greatly reduce the impact of natural hazards. Governments can prioritize actions based on informed decisions about the level of risk to reduce the risks from disasters. Public investments, such as early-warning systems, retrofitting of critical infrastructure at risk, and mainstreaming systematic risk assessments into relevant public investment planning processes, can help to reduce poverty and promote sustainable economic growth. The World Bank supports countries around the world in mainstreaming a comprehensive and integrated approach to disaster risk management into development. The World Bank provides analytical and advisory services, helps to build climate and disaster resilience into core investments across sectors, and offers unique financial solutions to better manage the contingent fiscal risks from disasters.

Climate risk threatens Indonesia’s socioeconomic development, and it is likely to exacerbate the plight of Indonesians living below and close to the poverty line. Urban areas are hot spots of such risk, disproportionately impacting the lives, livelihoods, and well-being of the poor and near poor who often live in slums and informal settlements. Growing urbanization and increasing climate risk make it imperative to strengthen the resilience of the urban poor through interventions that promote coping, incremental, and transformational strategies. This report identifies pro-poor climate resilience solutions and their concomitant enabling factors, building on national policies and programs and taking into account Indonesia’s priority sectors for climate-resilient development.

No person or place is immune from disasters or disaster-related losses. Infectious disease outbreaks, acts of terrorism, social unrest, or financial disasters in addition to natural hazards can all lead to large-scale consequences for the nation and its communities. Communities and the nation thus face difficult fiscal, social, cultural, and environmental choices about the best ways to ensure basic security and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks, and disasters. Beyond the unquantifiable costs of injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in damages each. One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing resilience-the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's resilience to disasters. This book defines "national resilience", describes the state of knowledge about resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the main issues related to increasing resilience in the United States. It also provide goals, baseline conditions, or performance metrics for national resilience and outlines additional information, data, gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to increase the nation's resilience to disasters. Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes recommendations about the necessary approaches to elevate national resilience to disasters in the United States. Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of disasters and better planning to reduce disaster losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster resilience is an imperative that requires the collective will of the nation and its communities. Although disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a proactive stance where communities actively engage in enhancing resilience will reduce many of the broad societal and economic burdens that disasters can cause.