Energy Aware And Adaptive Routing Protocols In Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent technological advances have enabled distributed micro-sensing for large scale information gathering through a network of tiny, low power devices or nodes equipped with programmable computing, multiple sensing and communication capabilities. This network of sensor nodes, known as a wireless sensor network, has revolutionized remote monitoring applications because of its ease of deployment, ad hoc connectivity and cost-effectiveness. In this dissertation, we design distributed routing protocols for minimizing energy consumption in a sensor network. There are two main contributions of this work. The first contribution is the design of an energy aware multiple path routing protocol to route heavy data traffic between a source and a destination node in a sensor network. The protocol spreads the routing load between the source and destination nodes over a large number of sensor nodes to minimize disparity in the energy levels of the sensor nodes. We also grade the multiple paths based on their route length to support time critical queries on the shortest available paths. The second contribution is the design of a communication architecture that supports distributed query processing to evaluate spatio-temporal queries within the network. We represent these queries by query trees and distribute query operators to appropriate sensor nodes. As operator execution demands high computation capability, we propose use of a heterogenous sensor network where query operators are assigned to sparsely deployed resource-rich nodes within a dense network of low power sensor nodes. We design an adaptive, decentralized, low communication overhead algorithm to determine an operator placement on the resource-rich nodes in the network to minimize cost of transmitting data in the routing tree constructed to continuously retrieve data from a set of spatially distributed geographical regions to the sink. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to build an energy aware routing infrastructure to enable in-network processing of spatio-temporal queries. In order to maximize energy savings the proposed multiple path routing protocol can be used to route data between the nodes that form the routing tree.

Collecting and processing data is a necessary aspect of living in a technologically advanced society. Whether it’s monitoring events, controlling different variables, or using decision-making applications, it is important to have a system that is both inexpensive and capable of coping with high amounts of data. As the application of these networks becomes more common, it becomes imperative to evaluate their effectiveness as well as other opportunities for possible implementation in the future. Sensor Technology: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source that brings together new ways to process and monitor data and to put it to work in everything from intelligent transportation systems to healthcare to multimedia applications. It also provides inclusive coverage on the processing and applications of wireless communication, sensor networks, and mobile computing. Highlighting a range of topics such as internet of things, signal processing hardware, and wireless sensor technologies, this multi-volume book is ideally designed for research and development engineers, IT specialists, developers, graduate students, academics, and researchers.

Recent work in designing of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks has progressed in an interesting direction, namely energy efficient protocol for a common objective of prolonging the network lifetime. However, there is a lack of research on policy-adaptive aspects to manage the network from the application point of view. We introduce a tentative yet pertinent solution in two directions. First, we proposed an energy-aware protocol to make the energy balanced in the network without generating "hot-spot" areas which leads to longer network lifetime because the node survives longer. Second, we designed a policy-adaptive framework with reactive (on-demand) routing by adopting policy restraints of applications in making routing choices. We validated our protocol using NS2 simulation tool and have shown that the protocol indeed balances energy and builds an effective routing schema with policy-adaptive routing while extending the lifetime of the whole network.

Introduction to Network Simulator NS2 is a primer providing materials for NS2 beginners, whether students, professors, or researchers for understanding the architecture of Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and for incorporating simulation modules into NS2. The authors discuss the simulation architecture and the key components of NS2 including simulation-related objects, network objects, packet-related objects, and helper objects. The NS2 modules included within are nodes, links, SimpleLink objects, packets, agents, and applications. Further, the book covers three helper modules: timers, random number generators, and error models. Also included are chapters on summary of debugging, variable and packet tracing, result compilation, and examples for extending NS2. Two appendices provide the details of scripting language Tcl, OTcl and AWK, as well object oriented programming used extensively in NS2.

Sensor networks continue to grow in importance for modern communication networks. Communication protocols are at the core of these networks, determining their ability to function, their capabilities, and the environments in which they are able to operate. In chapters carefully selected from the popular Handbook of Sensor Networks, Sensor Network Protocols supplies a sharply focused reference on protocols, security, data processing, and energy management in communication sensor networks that is ideal for specialists in the field. Providing a succinct guide to the protocols currently used in advanced sensor networks, this book focuses on four main areas: routing protocols; data gathering and processing; security and reliability; and energy management. The book opens with a survey of the challenges and opportunities facing the field. Then, expert contributors authoritatively discuss routing technologies, next-generation enabling technologies, comparative study of energy-efficient protocols for wireless sensor networks, techniques to reduce computation and communication energy consumption, energy-aware routing, localized algorithms for sensor networks, and much more. Sensor Network Protocols details the techniques and technologies that are at the heart of modern sensor networks. It is an ideal reference for anyone interested in designing, planning, or building emerging sensor and communications networks.

Power consumption becomes the most important design goal in a wide range of electronic systems. There are two driving forces towards this trend: continuing device scaling and ever increasing demand of higher computing power. First, device scaling continues to satisfy Moore’s law via a conventional way of scaling (More Moore) and a new way of exploiting the vertical integration (More than Moore). Second, mobile and IT convergence requires more computing power on the silicon chip than ever. Cell phones are now evolving towards mobile PC. PCs and data centers are becoming commodities in house and a must in industry. Both supply enabled by device scaling and demand triggered by the convergence trend realize more computation on chip (via multi-core, integration of diverse functionalities on mobile SoCs, etc.) and finally more power consumption incurring power-related issues and constraints. Energy-Aware System Design: Algorithms and Architectures provides state-of-the-art ideas for low power design methods from circuit, architecture to software level and offers design case studies in three fast growing areas of mobile storage, biomedical and security. Important topics and features: - Describes very recent advanced issues and methods for energy-aware design at each design level from circuit and architecture to algorithm level, and also covering important blocks including low power main memory subsystem and on-chip network at architecture level - Explains efficient power conversion and delivery which is becoming important as heterogeneous power sources are adopted for digital and non-digital parts - Investigates 3D die stacking emphasizing temperature awareness for better perspective on energy efficiency - Presents three practical energy-aware design case studies; novel storage device (e.g., solid state disk), biomedical electronics (e.g., cochlear and retina implants), and wireless surveillance camera systems. Researchers and engineers in the field of hardware and software design will find this book an excellent starting point to catch up with the state-of-the-art ideas of low power design.

This book contains a selection of articles from The Europe, Middle East and North Africa Conference on Technology and Security to Support Learning 2016 (EMENA-TSSL'16), held between the 3th and 5th of October at Saidia, Oujda, Morocco. EMENA-TSSL'16 is a global forum for researchers and practitioners to present and discuss recent results and innovations, current trends, professional experiences and challenges in Information & Communication Technologies, and Security to support Learning. The main topics covered are: A) Online Education; B) Emerging Technologies in Education; C) Artificial Intelligence in Education; D) Gamification and Serious games; E) Network & Web Technologies Applications; F) Online experimentation and Virtual Laboratories; G) Multimedia Systems and Applications; H) Security and Privacy; I) Multimedia, Computer Vision and Image Processing; J) Cloud, Big Data Analytics and Applications; K) Human-Computer Interaction; L) Software Systems, Architectures, Applications and Tools; M) Online Languages and Natural Language Processing N) E-content Development, Assessment and Plagiarism; O) Secure E-Learning Development and Auditing; P) Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks.

Document from the year 2020 in the subject Engineering - Computer Engineering, , language: English, abstract: Sensor nodes have restricted storage, computational and energy resources, these restrictions place a limit on the types of deployable routing mechanisms. Routing protocol disseminates information that enables the sensor nodes to select routes to communicate with other nodes on the network and the choice of the route is determined by the routing algorithms. Thus the routing protocol helps the nodes to gain knowledge about the topology of the network to which it is attached directly. There are mainly two types of routing processes: one is static routing and the other is dynamic routing. In a static routing, the routing tables are set up in a static manner in the nodes. The network routes for the packet are initially set between the nodes. However, if any node on the specified route fails, the data may not reach the destination. In a dynamic routing, routing tables in the routers often change whenever the possible routes change. Dynamic routing is more suitable as the nodes in WSNs may frequently change their position and die at any moment. The routing protocols are classified into single hop and multi hop routing. In a single hop routing, sensor node directly communicates with the sink to share the gathered information. Energy consumption is high in the network using single hop protocol. In multi hop routing, data is routed through the intermediate nodes to the base station. Each node transfers sensed data to the immediate node which in turn transfers the data to the next immediate node and finally the data reaches the base station. Energy consumption in this kind of routing protocol is less and thus the lifetime of the nodes is high. The major challenge to the efficient operation of wireless sensor network lies in its ability to deliver the sensed information from the nodes to the sink within the specific time duration without the loss of data packets with high security. The sensor nodes depend on the battery source for their operation which has limited capacity. Thus the energy resource of the sensor nodes has to be used efficiently in order to increase the operational lifetime of the network.

The current progress in Wireless Sensor Network has taken to various new protocols formed especially for sensor networks in where the energy awareness is a necessary deliberation. Wireless Sensor Network is highly accessible for significant applications namely surveillance of security and environmental monitoring. The researchers all over the world are investigating about the most important parameter of wireless sensor network i.e. Energy. The main emphasis is given over the efficiency of energy as the energy saved by the wireless sensor network is less and the consumption of energy is high and this is the main reason behind the lifetime network depletion at a fast pace. There in the sensor nodes one more challenge is exhibited that is of the limited power capacity, so for the same the battery should be either charged or changed as there are several functions which are to be performed by the energy of the sensor nodes being aggregation, sensing and transmission of data and on board processing. Majorly, the energy is consumed by the wireless data transmission among the nodes and more energy is consumed as compared to the other sensing and processing operations of data. The high energy is consumed because the data is transmitted over a large distance as the nodes are located far from each other. Further, the collision, overhearing and idle listening of the nodes are the major reasons behind the high wastage of energy during the transmission and the communication of data. There are several applications, in which the nodes are disregarded, and thus worsening the failure of nodes and enhancing the problem of high energy consumption. The success of the application is dependent over the network lifetime and the exchange or the recharging of the batteries is costly as well as not feasible. Therefore, the attention of the researchers is seeking towards usage and the consumption of the energy. Further, the development of such energy efficient network should be done which should cover and provide solution for all the above mentioned challenges so that the utility of the wireless sensor networks is enhanced in the applications related to it. The main intention of this study and book is to investigate in detail about the concept “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks”. Significance of the Book: This book convers and discusses about previous studies carried out in the area of data fusion and the crucial issue in energy reduction of the sensor modes during the data fusion. The main objectives of this book a) To analyze the energy aware routing protocol in wireless sensor network; b) To examine the maximum energy consumption for routing process to sustain long life batter power in wireless sensor network.; c) To analyze the routing protocol enhancement by applying data fusion technique; d)To explore the routing protocol enhancement by applying data fusion technique; e)To propose an algorithm to integrate data fusion technique to enhance the consumption of energy. This book study is constrained to wireless sensor networks and limited to data fusion technique. However, this book study evaluates the concept of “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks”. Finally, this book considers a novel network organization scheme, energy-efficient Self organizing Map (K-SOM) Feed forward scheme, to organize sensor nodes into clusters with Data-Fusion. Also, it proposes a Energy aware routing algorithm, called “Artificial Intelligence Based Energy Aware Routing Protocol (AIEARP) for Wireless Sensor Network, for elevating sensor network lifetime. This book also shows the Experimental results for out-performs interims of network lifetime with dead nodes at different iteration and energy conservation with its energy consumption among the cluster heads. The following is an overview of the contents of the chapter, which presented in this Book. Chapter 1: Introduction of the EARP in WSN This chapter provides the vital idea about the research concept “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks” including the research background, problem statement, aims and objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study and limitations of the research. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter examines several works related to the conceptual framework model for “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks”. In addition to these, this research explains in detail about the energy aware routing protocol in wireless sensor network. Apart from these, this research explains about the maximum energy consumption for routing process to sustain long life batter power in wireless sensor network. At last, this literature review chapter discusses about the routing protocol enhancement by applying data fusion technique and the routing protocol enhancement by applying data fusion technique. In addition to these, this research provides framework for “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks”. Chapter 3: Research design This chapter provides an overview about the intelligent energy aware routing protocol using data fusion technique in wireless sensor networks. This chapter explains about the steps to be followed in the developed method. Chapter 4: Result analysis in term of intelligent energy aware protocol This chapter discusses about the analysis of implementation of proposed framework “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks”. Chapter 5: Conclusion & Future enhancement This chapter explains about the summary of findings obtained through the analysis and results section and also gives conclusion to the research “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks” followed by suggestions and recommendations for the future research. Bibliography: This section lists all works of interest, including those mentioned in the text.